Pack 4

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1.6

AMINO ACID = JOIN TOGETHER IN PEPTIDE BONDS TO FORM A POLYPEPTIDE 

STRUCTURE = PRIMARY - NUMBER AND ARRANGEMENT OF AMINO ACIDS, SECONDARY - HYDROGEN BONDS FORMED MAKING AN a HELIX OR b PLEAT, TERTIARY - MORE COMPLEX STRUCTURE WITH DISULPHIDE, IONINC AND H BONDS, QUATERNARY - MANY TERTIARY STRUCTURES JOINED WITH PROSTHETIC GROUP

BIURET TEST = DETECTS PEPTIDE BONDS, ADD SODIUM HYDROXIDE AND DROP OF COPPER SULPHATE, PURPLE COLOUR IF BONDS PRESENT

FUNCTION = ANTIBODIES, MUSCLE CONTRACTION, ENZYMES, TRANSPORT

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1.7

ACTIVATION ENERGY = ENERGY REQUIRED FOR REACTION, ENZYMES LOWER THIS ALLOWING REACTIONS TO TAKE PLACE AT LOWER TEMPERATURES

INDUCED FIT = ACTIVE SITE COMPLEMENTARY TO SUBSTRATE, FORM E-S COMPLEX, SHAPE OF ENZYME ALTERS SHAPE OF SUBSTRATE DISTORTING BONDS LOWERING THE ACTIVATION ENERGY NEEDED TO BREAK THE BOND

ENZYME = SPECIFIC TO A CERTIAN SUBSTRATE DUE TO TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE SITE

(http://www.chemguide.co.uk/physical/basicrates/catprofile.gif)

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1.8

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE = HIGHER KINETIC ENERGY OF MOLECULES, COLLIDE MORE OFTEN, MORE E-S COMPLEXES FORM, TOO HIGH ENZYMES DENATURE AS BONDS BREAK, TERTIARY STRUCTURE OF ACTIVE SITE NOT COMPLEMENTARY

EFFECT OF pH = CHANGE IN pH BREAKS BONDS AND CHANGES AMINO ACIDS IN ACTIVE SITE, NO E-S COMPLEXES FORMED

EFFECT OF ENZYME CONC = LOW - NOT ENOUGH ENZYMES FOR ALL SUBSTRATES, INTERMDIATE - ALL ACTIVE SITES OCCUPIED, HIGH - NO EFFECT

EFFECT OF SUBSTRATE CONC = LOW - NOT ENOUGH FOR ALL ENZYMES, INTERMEDIATE - ALL ACTIVE SITES OCCUPIED, HIGH - NO EFFECT

(http://www.bbc.co.uk/staticarchive/3e166752332b7f16e1dd0f4efca373310e4706fc.gif)(http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i72_enzyme_ph_graph.gif)(http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i74_Image4.gif)(http://alevelnotes.com/content_images/i73_Image3.gif)

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1.9

COMPETITIVE INHIBITOR = SIMILAR SHAPE TO SUBSTRATE SO OCCUPY ACTIVE SITES SO FEWER E-S COMPLEXES FORMED, IF SUBSTRATE CONC INCREASED EFFECT OF INHIBITOR IS REDUCED

NON-COMPETITIVE INHIBITORS = ATTACH TO BINDING SITE ON ENZYME CHANGING SHAPE OF THE ACTIVE SITE SO NO LONGER COMPLEMENTARY TO SUBSTRATE, INCREASE IN SUBSTRATE CONC DOES NOT REDUCE EFFECT

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6.9

ENZYMES = MADE BY GLANDS TO HYDROLYSE FOOD MOLECULES TO BE ABSORBED

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM = SALIVARY GLANDS, OESOPHAGUS, STOMACH, PANCREAS, ILLEUM/SMALL INTESTINE, LARGE INTESTINE, PHYSICAL DIGESTION WHERE MUSCLE CHURNS FOOD, CHEMICAL DIGESTION IS HYDROLYSIS

CARBOHYDRATES = AMYLASE IN SALIVARY GLAND HYDROLYSES STARCH INTO MALTOSE, MALTASE IN EPITHELIAL LINING STOPS ENZYME NEEDING REPLACEMENT

LIPIDS = LIPASES IN PANCREAS HYDROLYSE ESTER BONDS IN TRIGLYCERIDES PRODUCING GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS, MICELLES ARE DROPLETS OF FAT MADE BY BILE SALTS PRODUCED IN LIVER TO INCREASE SURFACE AREA FOR DIGESTION

PROTEINS = PEPTIDE BONDS HYDROLYSED BY PEPIDASES, ENDOPEPTIDASE - HYDROLYSES AT CENTRE OF MOLEULE, EXOPEPTIDASE - HYDROLYSES AT ENDS OF MOLECULE, MEMBRANE-BOUND DIPEPTIDASE - HYDROLYSES BOND BETWEEN A DIPEPTIDE

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6.10

VILLI = FOUND IN ILEUM CELLS, INCREASE SURFACE AREA (MICROVILLI), SHORT DIFFUSION DISTANCE, GOOD BLOOD SUPPLY TO MAINTIAN DIFFUSION GRADIENT

CO-TRANSPORT = AMINO ACIDS AND MONOSACCHARIDES ABSORBED BY CO-TRNSPORT, GLUCOSE ENTERS CELL WITH Na+, AMINO ACIDS ENTER TOGETHER

ABSORPTION OF LIPIDS = MICELLES RELEASIN MONOGLYCERIDES AND FATTY ACIDS ACROSS EPITHELIAL  CELL MEMBRANE, TRANSPORTED TO THE ER AND GOLGI, TRIGLYCERIDES ACCOCIATE WITH CHOLESTEROL AND LIPOPROTEINS FORMING CHYLOMICRONS THAT MOVE OUT OF THE CELL ENTERING LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES

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