Pack 2

MAGNIFICATION = HOW MANY TIMES BIGGER AN IMAGE IS THAN THE OBJECT, MAGNIFICATION = DRAWING / ACTUAL, UNITS OF IMAGE AND ACTUAL MUST BE SAME

RESOLUTION = MINIMUM DISTANCE APART TWO OBJECTS CAN BE IN ORDER FOR THEM TO APPEAR TO BE SEPARATE OBJECTS, RESOLVING POWER DEPENDS ON WAVELENGTH OF RADIATION, SHORTER WAVELENGTH GREATER RESOLUTION, GREATER RESOLUTION MEANS GREATER CLARITY

CELL FRACTIONATION = CELLS BROKEN UP TO RELEASE ORGANELLES

HOMOGENISATON = CELLS PLACED IN COLD BUFFERED (SLOW ENZYME ACTION) SOLUTION OF THE SAME WATER POTENTAL  AS THE TISSUE, TISSUE IS BLENDED RELEASING ORGANELLES, HOMOGENATE IS FILTERED TO REMOVE LARGE DEBRIS

ULTRA-CENTRIFUGATION = HOMOGENATE SPUN IN CENTRIFUGE AT LOW SPEED TO FORM SEDIMENT OF HEAVY ORGANELLES, SUPERNATANT RE-SPUN AT HIGHER SPEEDS TO REMOVE LIGHTER ORGANELLES

ELECTRON MICROSCOPE = HIGH REOLVING POWER DUE TO SHORT WAVELENGTH OF ELECTRON BEAMS

LIGHT MICROSCOPE = LIGHT SHONE THROUGH THIN SPECIMIN THROUGH LENSES, LOWW RESOLUTION 

TRANSMISSION EM = ULTRA THIN SPECIMIN STAINED, ELECTRON BEAM FIRED PRODUCING PHOTOMICROGRAPH , HIGH RESPLUTION BUT REQUIRES VACUUM SO SPECIMINS MUST BE DEAD, STAINING PROCESS REQUIRED

SCANNING EM = DIRECTS ELECTRON BEAMS AT SURFACE OF SPECIMIN BULDING A 3D IMAGE, SPECIMIN DOESN'T NEED TO BE THIN, REQUIRES STAINING

EYEPIECE GRATICULE = SCALE USED TO MEASURE OBJECTS UNDER A MICROSCOPE

STAGE MICROMETER = SLIDE WITH ETCHED SCALE USED TO CALIBRATE EYEPIECE GRATICULE FOR DIFFERENT LENS MAGNIFICATIONS, WHEN GRATICULE AND SM SCALES LINE UP CALCULATE LENGTHS OF DIVISIONS ON GRATICULE

NUCLEUS = CONTROLS PRODUCTION OF RNA AND RIBOSOMES, NUCLEAR ENVELOPE SURROUNDS IT, NUCLEAR PORES IN ENVELOPE ALLOWING MOLECULES THROUGH, NUCLEOPLASM, NUCLEOLUS MANUFACTURES rRNA AND RIBOSOMES 

MITOCHONDRIA = SITE OF AEROBIC RESPIRATION TO PRODUCE ATP, DOUBLE MEMBRANE, CRISTAE ALLOW LARGER SA FOR RESPIRATION, MATRIX CONTAINING PROTEINS LIPIDS RIBOSOMES AND MITOCHONDRIAL DNA TO SYNTHESISE PROTEINS

CHLOROPLAST = SITE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS, THYLAKOIDS STACKED INTO GRANA CONTAIN CHLOROPHYLL WHERE LIGHT IS ABSORBED, STROMA WHERE SUGARS ARE SYNTHESISED CONTAINING ENZYMES FOR PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND RIBOSOMES

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM = ROUGH ER HAS MANY RIBOSOMES FOR PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, USED FOR INTRACELLULAR TRANSPORT, SMOOTH ER NO RIBOSOMES, SYNTHESISES TRANSPORTS AND STORES LIPIDS AND CARBOHYRATES

GOLGI APARATUS = MADE UP OF CISTERNAE AND VESICLES, PROTEINS AND LIPIDS MADE BY ER PASS THROUGH AND MODIFIED THEN RELEASED IN VESICLES

LYSOSOMES = VESICLES CONTAINING HYDROLYTIC ENZYMES CALLED LYSOZYMES, HYDROLISE MATERIALS INGESTED BY PHAGOCYTES, DIGEST WORN OUT ORGANELLES OR CELLS (AUTOLYSIS) 

RIBOSOMES = 80s RIBOSOMES FOUND IN EUKARYOTIC CELLS, 70s FOUND IN PROKAROTES MITOCHONDRIA AND CHLOROPLASTS, TWO SUB-UNITS, SITE OF PROTWI SYNTHESIS 

CELL WALL = FOUND IN PLANT CELLS TO PROVIDE STRENGTH AND PREVENT BURSTING DUE TO OSMOTIC PRESSURE, MADE OF MICROFIBRILS OF CELLULOSE

VACUOLE = FLUID FILLED SAC IN PLANT CELLS CONTAIN SALTS SUGARS AMINO ACID, MAKES CELLS TURGID, PIGMENT ATTRACTS INSECTS TO POLLINATE PLANT

SPECIALISATION = CELLS SPECIALISE TO PERFORM DIFFERENT FUNCTIONS, DIFFERENT GENES EXPRESSED TO MAKE THEM SPECIALISED, NUMBERS OF ORGANELLS VARY WITH FUNCTIONS

TISSUE = GROUP OF SIMILAR CELLS PERFORMING SPECIFIC FUNCTION E.G. EPITHELIAL CELLS LINE ORGANS IN ANIMALS, XYLEM IN PLANTS

ORGAN = COMBINATION OF TISSUES TO PERFORM FUNCTIONS E.G. STOMACH IN ANIMALS, LEAF IN PLANTS, CAPILLARIES NOT ORGANS BUT VEINS AND ARTERIES ARE

ORGAN SYSTEM = ORGANS GROUPED TO PERFORM PARTICULAR FUNCTION E.G. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM IN ANIMALS

PROKARYOTIC CELL = E.G. BACTERIA, NO NUCLEUS, 70s RIBOSOMES, HAS CELL WALL AND CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE, HAS PLASMIDS (CONTAIN GENES LIKE ANTIBIOTIC RESISTENCE) AND CIRCULAR STRANDS OF DNA

VIRUS = ACELLULAR NON LIVING PARTICLE, HAS NUCLEIC ACIDS ENCLOSED IN CAPSID, MULTIPLY IN LIVING HOST CELLS, SURROUNDED BY LIPID ENVELOPE, ATTACHMENT PROTEINS ALLOWING IT TO ATTACH TO HOST CELL, MAY HAVE REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE