Pack 1

COVALENT = SHARE ELECTRONS

IONIC = TRANSFER ELECTRONS

MONOMER = SINGLE MOLECULE E.G. AMINO ACID

POLYMER = MORE THAN ONE MONOMER JOINED TOGETHER E.G. POLYPEPTIDE

POLYMERISIATION = JOINING MONOMERS E.G. GLUCOSE + GLUCOSE = MALTOSE

CONDENSATION = JOINING MOLOECULES RELEASING H2O

HYDROLYSIS = BREAK DOWN OF POLYMER USING H20

METABOLISM = CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN LIVING ORGANISMS

AVOGADRO'S NUMBER = 6.02 x 1023

MONOSACCHARIDE = SUGAR USED FOR ENERGY IN RESPIRATION E.G. GLUCOSE

POLYSACCHARIDE = CARBOHYDRATE

REDUCTION = GAIN OF ELECTRONS, MONOSACCHARIDES ARE REDUCING SUGARS AS THEY DONATE ELECTRONS TO REDUCE OTHER CHEMICALS

BENEDICT'S TEST = TEST FOR REDUCING SUGARS, MIX BENEDICT'S REAGENT WITH REDUCING SUGAR AND HEAT TO GET RED PRECIPITATE

ISOMER = COMPOUNDS WITH SAME FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENT OF ATOMS AND DIFFERENT PROPERTIES E.G. a GLUCOSE AND b GLUCOSE

DISACCHARIDE = TWO MONOSACCHARIDES E.G. 2 x GLUCOSE = MALTOSE, USED FOR QUICK RELEASE ENERGY

GLYCOSIDIC BOND = BETWEEN MONOMERS FORMED IN CONDENSATION REACTIONS

POLYSACCHARIDE = MANY MONOSACCHARIDES, WITH GLYCOSIDIC BONDS, INSOLUBLE MOLECULES E.G. STARCH AND CELLULOSE

STARCH = POLYSACCHARIDE OF a GLUCOSE FOUND IN PLANTS TO STORE GLUCOSE FOR ENERGY, INSOLUBLE SO IT DOESN'T LEAVE CELLS OR AFFECT WATER POTENTIAL, COMPACT SO EASILY STORED, IODINE TURNS STARCH BLUE/BLACK

GLYCOGEN = POLYSACCHARIDE OF a GLUCOSE FOUND IN ANIMALS FOR ENERGY STORAGE. SAME STRUCTURE AS STARCH BUT HAS PROTEIN IN CENTRE

CELLULOSE = POLYSACCHARIDE OF b GLUCOSE FOUND IN PLANT CELL WALLS, STRAIGHT UNBRANCHED CHAINS SO NOT EASILY DIGESTED, HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN MOLECULES MAKE MICROFIBRILS PROVIDING RIGIDITY

LIPIDS = FATS MADE UP OF H O2 AND C, E.G. TRIGLYCERIDES AND PHOSPHOLIPIDS, INSOLUBLE IN WATER SO DONT AFFECT WATER POTENTIAL, INSULATIVE, PROTECTIVE, WATERPROOF, GOOD FOR ENERGY STORAGE

TRIGLYGERIDE = THREE FATTY ACIDS AND ONE GLYCEROL JOINED BY ESTER BONDS, IF A FATTY ACID HAS A DOUBLE BOND IT IS MONOUNSATURATED, IF IT HAS TWO IS IS POLYUNSATURATED, IF IT DOESN'T IT IS SATURATED

PHOSPHOLIPIDS = ONE FATTY ACID REPLACED WITH PHOSPHATE MOLECULE, HAVE HYDROPHILIC AND HYDROPHOBIC ENDS, CAN EMULSIFY MIXTURES, COMBINE WITH CARBOHYDRATES TO FORM GLYCOLIPIDS FOR CELL RECOGNITION 

EMULSION TEST = LIQUIFY, ADD ETHANOL AND WATER, GOES CLOUDY WHITE

WATER = TWO HYDROGENS SLIGHTLY POSITIVE ONE OXYGEN SLIGHTLY NEGATIVE, DIPOLAR MOLECULE, HYDROGEN BONDS BETWEEN OPPOSITE CHARGES CREATING LARGE HOHESIVE FORCES, HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY SO TAKES A LOT OF ENERGY TO EVAPORATE

SOLVENT = DISOLVES A SOLUTE TO CREATE A SOLUTION, WATER IS A SOLVENT AND IS USED TO BREAK DOWN MOLECULES IN HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS