Organisation

LARGE MUTICELLULAR ORGANISMS are MADE UP of ORGAN SYSTEMS 

SPECIALISED CELLS - carry out a PARTICULAR FUNCTION 

These SPECIALISED CELLS form TISSUES, which form ORGANS, which form ORGAN SYSTEMS 

LARGE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS (HUMANS) have different SYSTEMS inside them for EXCHANGING & TRANSPORTING materials

TISSUE -  GROUP of SIMILAR CELLS that WORK TOGETHER to carry out a FUNCTION

E.G. EPITHELIAL TISSUE - Made up of EPITHELIAL CELLS                                                           (COVERS SOME parts of the HUMAN BODY : INSIDE of GUT)

ORGAN - GROUP of DIFFERENT TISSUES that WORK TOGETHER to peform a CERTAIN FUNCTION

E.G. STOMACH - EPITHELIAL TISSUE (LINES INSIDE & OUTSIDE of STOMACH)

ORGAN SYSTEM - GROUP of ORGANS that WORK TOGETHER to perform a FUNCTION

An ORGAN SYSTEM found in HUMANS and OTHER MAMMALS 

BREAKS DOWN & ABSORBS FOOD 

ORGAN SYSTEMS - WORK TOGETHER to MAKE entire ORGANISMS

SALIVARY GLANDS - PRODUCE (DIGESTIVE JUICES) 

LIVER - PRODUCES (BILE)

LARGE INTESTINE - ABSORBS (WATER) from UNDIGESTED FOOD leaving FAECES (POO)

STOMACH - DIGESTS (FOOD)

PANCREAS - PRODUCES (DIGESTIVE JUICES)

SMALL INTESTINE - DIGESTS (FOOD) & ABSORBS (SOLUBLE FOOD MOLECULES)                        E.G. GLUCOSE

ENZYMES - CATALYSTS 

LIVING THINGS have TONS of REACTIONS going on INSIDE their CELLS - which are CONTROLLED by ENZMES 

ENZYMES - (LARGE) PROTEINS 

They SPEED UP REACTONS (INSIDE) LIVING THINGS by acting as CATALYSTS

CATALYST - SUBSTANCE which INCREASES the SPEED of a REACTION without being CHANGED or USED UP in the REACTION

ENZYMES - have SPECIAL SHAPES 

(EVERY) ENZYME has an ACTIVE SITE with a UNIQUE SHAPE                                                               SUBSTANCE involved in the REACTION has to FIT into the ACTIVE SITE for the ENZYME to WORK                                                                                                                                                        Only CATALYSE (ONE) SPECIFIC REACTION 

SUBSTRATE - SUBSTANCE that an ENZYME ACTS ON

Need the RIGHT TEMPERATURE and PH

TEMPERATURE affects the RATE of a REACTION involving an ENZYME

HIGHER TEMPERATURE -  INCREASES the RATE at FIRST

If it GETS (TOO HOT) , SOME of the BONDS holding the ENZYME together BREAK  -----                             

This CHANGES the SHAPE of the ENZYME'S (ACTIVE SITE) ---- SUBSTRATE WON'T (FIT) ANYMORE ---- ENZYME is (DENATURED)

OPTIMUM TEMPERATURE - (ALL) ENZYMES have a TEMPERATURE that they (WORK BEST) AT           It's the SAME with PH

PH - Affects the RATE of REACTION involving an ENZYME 

If PH (TOO HIGH) or (TOO LOW) --- it AFFECTS the BONDS holding the ENZYME together

This CHANGES the SHAPE of the ACTIVE SITE & DENATURES the ENZYME 

    1) Put DROP of IODINE SOLUTION into (EVERY) WELL of SPOTTING TILE 

2) SET UP a WATER BATH at 35.C

3) ADD some AMYLASE SOLUTION & BUFFER SOLUTION (PH 5) to BOILING TUBE 

4) Put BOILING TUBE in WATER BATH and WAIT for (5 MINUTES)

5) ADD some STARCH SOLUTION to BOILING TUBE , (MIX) , START (STOP CLOCK)

6) EVERY (30 SECONDS), take SAMPLE from BOILING TUBE using a (DROPPING PIPETTE)

7) Put DROP of SAMPLE into a WELL on SPOTTING TILE

8) When IODINE SOLUTION (STAYS) BROWNY-ORANGE, (ALL) STARCH in SAMPLE has been BROKEN DOWN                                                                                                                    RECORD (HOW LONG) this TAKES

9) (REPEAT) with BUFFER SOLUTIONS (different PH VALUES)

INDEPENDENT VARIABLE -  PH (VALUE)    DEPENDENT - EFFECT of PH on ENZYME ACTIVITY                             CONTROL - (CONCENTRATION/VOLUME) of AMYLASE SOLUTION

ENZYMES - used in (DIGESTION) are PRODUCED by CELLS --- which are RELEASED into the GUT to MIX with FOOD

DIGESTIVE ENZYMES (BREAK DOWN) BIG MOLECUES (STARCH , PROTEINS, FATS)

• (TOO BIG) to PASS THROUGH the WALLS of DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• SO...  DIGESTIVE ENZYMES BREAK these (BIG MOLECULES) into (SMALLER ONES)
• They can EASILY be ABSORBED into the BLOODSTREAM (MORE SOLUBLE)

CARBOHYDRASES - (E.G. AMYLASE)

• Made in (SALIVARY GLANDS , PANCREAS , SMALL INTESTINE)
• WORKS in (MOUTH , SMALL INTESTINE)
• USES (STARCH - CARBOHYDRATE) & (AMYLASE - ENZYME) to PRODUCE (SUGARS)

PROTEASES -

• MADE in (STOMACH , PANCREAS , SMALL INTESTINE)
• WORK in (STOMACH , SMALL INTESTINE)
• USES ( PROTEINS) & ( PROTEASE - ENZYMES) to PRODUCE (AMINO ACIDS)

LIPASES -

• MADE in (STOMACH , PANCREAS , SMALL INTESTINE)
• WORK in (SMALL INTESTINE)
• USES (LIPIDS - FATS /OILS) & (LIPASE - ENZYMES) to PRODUCE (GLYCEROL/FATTY ACIDS)

PRODUCTS of DIGESTION can be USED to MAKE (NEW CARBS , PROTEINS , LIPIDS)

GLUCOSE - (SUGAR) PRODUCED by DIGESTION - SOME is used for RESPIRATION

BILE- 

• PRODUCED in (LIVER)
• STORED in (GALL BLADDER)   BEFORE it’s RELEASED into the (SMALL INTESTINE)
• It’s ALKALINE - NEUTRALISES (HYDROCHLORIC ACID) FROM (STOMACH) & MAKES CONDITIONS (ALKALINE) 
• ENZYMES in (SMALL INTESTINE) - WORK BEST in (ALKALINE CONDITIONS) 
• EMULSIFIES (FATS) 

EMULSIFY - BREAKS the (FATS) DOWN into TINY DROPLETS 

GIVES a BIGGER (SURFACE AREA) of FAT for LIPASE to WORK ON - MAKES it’s DIGESTION (FASTER)

BENEDICT’S TEST - TEST for SUGARS (REDUCING SUGAR - GLUCOSE)

• PREPARE a FOOD SAMPLE & TRANSFER (5cm3) to a TEST TUBE 
• PREPARE a WATER BATH (75.C) 
• ADD some BENEDICT’S SOLUTION to TEST TUBE (10 DROPS) using PIPETTE
• PLACE the TEST TUBE in WATER BATH using TEST TUBE HOLDER, LEAVE (5 MINUTES)
• If FOOD SAMPLE contains a REDUCING SUGAR - SOLUTION will CHANGE from (BLUE/GREEN) TO (YELLOW/BRICK-RED)

(COLOUR CHANGE) DEPENDS on HOW MUCH (SUGAR) is in the FOOD

IODINE SOLUTION - TEST for STARCH 

• MAKE a FOOD SAMPLE & TRANSFER (5cm3) to a TEST TUBE
• ADD a FEW DROPS of IODINE SOLUTION , GENTLY  SHAKE to MIX  CONTENTS 
• If FOOD SAMPLE contains STARCH - SOLUTION will CHANGE from (BROWNY-ORANGE) TO (BLACK/BLUE-BLACK)

BIURET TEST - TEST for PROTEINS

• PREPARE a SAMPLE of your FOOD & TRANSFER (2cm3) to TEST TUBE 
• ADD (2cm3) of (BIURET SOLUTION) to SAMPLE , Gently SHAKE CONTENTS in TUBE 
• If FOOD SAMPLE contains PROTEIN , SOLUTION will CHANGE from (BLUE to PINK)

SUDAN III TEST - TEST for LIPIDS 

• PREPARE  a FOOD SAMPLE but DON'T FILTER it , TRANSFER (5cm3) to TEST TUBE
• ADD (3) DROPS of SUDAN III STAIN SOLUTION to TEST TUBE , GENTLY SHAKE
• If SAMPLE contains LIPIDS, MIXTURE will SEPERATE OUT into TWO LAYERS , TOP LAYER will be (BRIGHT RED)

NEED (OXYGEN) to SUPPLY your CELLS for RESPIRATON , NEED to get RID OF (CARBON DIOXIDE)

This HAPPENS when you BREATHE (IN & OUT)

The AIR that you BREATHE (IN) goes THROUGH the (TRACHEA)

Then it passes THROUGH the (BRONCHI), Then the (BRONCHIOLES) & ENDS UP in the (ALVEOLI) - (SMALL AIR SACS)

ONE (BRONCHUS) , TWO (BRONCHI) , ONE (ALVEOLUS) , MANY (ALVEOLI)

ALVEOLI - CARRY out GAS EXCHANGE  , SURROUNDED by (BLOOD CAPILLARIES)                 BLOOD- COMES (INTO) the LUNGS THROUGH (CAPILLARIES) - LOTS (Co2) &  LITTLE (O2)   

OXYGEN- DIFFUSES (OUT) of AIR in (ALVEOLUS) (HIGHER CONCENTRATION)    ---------          (INTO) the BLOOD (LOWER CONCENTRATION)

BLOOD - Then LEAVES the LUNGS and TRAVELS (AROUND) the BODY

BREATHS (PER MINUTE) = NUMBER OF BREATHS //// NUMBER OF MINUTES                    

HUMANS - DOUBLE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM (TWO CIRCUITS JOINED TOGETHER)

CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - Carries (FOOD & OXYGEN) to EVERY (CELL) in the BODY and WASTE to where it CAN be REMOVED                                                                                               CIRCULATORY SYSTEM - MADE UP of (HEART , BLOOD VESSELS , BLOOD) 

1ST CIRCUIT - 

• HEART (PUMPS) (DEOXYGENATED BLOOD ) NO OXYGEN , to the LUNGS, the BLOOD PICKS up OXYGEN in the LUNGS
• (OXYGENATED BLOOD) WITH OXYGEN , then RETURNS to the HEART

2ND CIRCUIT - 

• HEART (PUMPS) (OXYGENATED BLOOD) AROUND , ALL OTHER (ORGANS) in the BODY -   This DELIVERS (OXYGEN) to the BODY CELLS 
• (DEOXYGENATED BLOOD) RETURNS to the HEART to be PUMPED (OUT) to the LUNGS 

HEART - (PUMPS) BLOOD AROUND the BODY

HEART- ORGAN with FOUR CHAMBERS , (WALLS) MADE of MUSCLE TISSUES                        MUSCLE TISSUE - USED to (PUMP) BLOOD AROUND the BODY 

• BLOOD (FLOWS) into the (TWO) ATRIA, FROM the VENA CAVA & PULMONARY VEIN
• ATRIA (PUMP) the BLOOD (INTO) the VENTRICLES 
• VENTRICLES - (PUMP) the BLOOD (OUT) of the HEART:
• BLOOD (RIGHT VENTRICLE) goes THROUGH the (PULMONARY ARTERY) TO the LUNGS   
• BLOOD (LEFT VENTRICLE) goes THROUGH the (AORTA) TO the REST of the BODY
• THEN ... BLOOD (FLOWS) TO the ORGANS THROUGH ARTERIES & RETURNS THROUGH VEINS 
• ATRIA (FILL) AGAIN - WHOLE CYCLE (STARTS OVER)

VALVES - (IN HEART) STOP the BLOOD (FLOWING) BACKWARDS                                               HEART - NEEDS it's OWN (SUPPLY) of OXYGENATED BLOOD                                               (GETS) OXYGENATED BLOOD from ARTERIES called CORONARY ARTERIES                        THESE (BRANCH OFF) the AORTA & SURROUND the HEART                                       HEART - Has a (PACEMAKER- GROUP of CELLS in RIGHT ATRIUM WALL) - Tell HEART (WHEN) to (PUMP) BLOOD       

BLOOD (FLOWS) around the BODY in BLOOD VESSELS

ARTERIES - (CARRY) BLOOD under PRESSURE

• (CARRY) BLOOD (AWAY) from the HEART
• HEART - (PUMPS) the BLOOD (OUT) at HIGH PRESSURE 
• SO... ARTERY WALLS are STRONG & ELASTIC 
• They have THICK LAYERS of MUSCLE to (MAKE THEM) STRONG 
• Also have ELASTIC FIBRES to (ALLOW THEM) to STRETCH & SPRING BACK 
• WALLS - THICK (COMPARED TO) the SIZE of the HOLE (DOWN THE MIDDLE) - (LUMEN)

CAPILLARIES - (REALLY) SMALL

• ATERIES (BRANCH) into CAPILLARIES 
• They (CARRY) the BLOOD (REALLY CLOSE) to EVERY CELL in the BODY to EXCHANGE SUBSTANCES with THEM
• They have GAPS in their WALLS , SO... SUBSTANCES can DIFFUSE (IN & OUT)
• (SUPPLY) FOOD & OXYGEN & (TAKE AWAY) WASTE (E.G. Co2)
• WALLS - (1 CELL THICK) - DIFFUSION is (VERY FAST) because it's a SHORT DISTANCE for MOLECULES to TRAVEL

VEINS - (TAKE) BLOOD (BACK) to the HEART 

• CAPILLARIES (JOIN UP) to (FORM) VEINS

• BLOOD-  (LOWER PRESSURE) in the VEINS - The WALLS (DON'T NEED) to be as THICK as ARTERY WALLS 
• Have BIGGER LUMEN than ARTERIES - HELPS the BLOOD (FLOW) despite the LOWER PRESSURE 
• Have VALVES - HELP keep the BLOOD (FLOWING) in the RIGHT DIRECTION 

RATE OF BLOOD FLOW - AMOUNT of BLOOD that PASSES THROUGH a BLOOD VESSEL in a GIVEN TIME

RATE OF BLOOD FLOW = VOLUME OF BLOOD //// NUMBER OF MINUTES 

BLOOD - TISSUE , ACTS as a (HUGE) TRANSPORT SYSTEM 

RED BLOOD CELLS - (CARRY) OXYGEN from LUNGS to (ALL) CELLS in the BODY

• SHAPE - Gives them a (LARGE) SURFACE AREA for ABSORBING OXYGEN
• CONTAIN a RED SUBSTANCE (HAEMOGLOBIN) (ALLOWS RED BLOOD CELLS to (CARRY) OXYGEN
• RED BLOOD CELLS - (DON'T) have a NUCLEUS - LEAVES (MORE) SPACE for (CARRYING) OXYGEN

WHITE BLOOD CELLS - (DEFEND) AGAINST INFECTION (PART of IMMUNE SYSTEM)

• (SOME) can (CHANGE) SHAPE to GOBBLE up (UNWELCOME) MICROORGANISMS
• (OTHERS) (PRODUCE) MOLECULES - ANTIBODIES & ANTITOXINS to DEFEND against MICROORGANISMS
• They HAVE a NUCLEUS

PLATELETS - HELP BLOOD (CLOT)  at a WOUND,  (SMALL FRAGMENTS of CELLS)

• (NO) NUCLEUS 
• WHEN they CLOT - It STOPS all your BLOOD (POURING OUT)
• Also STOPS MICROORGANISMS (GETTING IN)

PLASMA - LIQUID That (CARRIES) EVERYTHING in BLOOD (PALE, STRAW COLOUR LIQUID)

It CARRIES:

• RED & WHITE BLOOD CELLS , PLATELETS
• FOOD MOLECULES (GLUCOSE & AMINO ACIDS)
• WASTE PRODUCTS (CARBON DIOXIDE & UREA)
• HORMONES 
• PROTEINS

DISEASES of the HEART/BLOOD VESSELS (E.G. CORONARY HEART DISEASE)

CORONARY HEART DISEASE - DISEASE of the CORONARY ARTERIES

CORONARY ARTERIES - SUPPLY the HEART MUSCLE with BLOOD

CORONARY HEART DISEASE - LAYERS of FATTY MATERIAL (FATTY DEPOSITS) (BUILD UP) in the CORONARY ARTERIES - CAUSES the ARTERIES to become NARROW -  

                        This REDUCES the BLOOD FLOW to the HEART MUSCLE

This means LESS OXYGEN (CAN GET) to the HEART MUSCLE 

RESULT in a HEART ATTACK

STENTS - Keep CORONARY ARTERIES (OPEN) 

STENTS - TUBES that are (PUT) INSIDE CORONARY ARTERIES by SURGERY , KEEP the ARTERIES (OPEN) - (ALLOWS) BLOOD to REACH the HEART MUSCLES & REDUCES the RISK of a HEART ATTACK 

• EFFECTIVE for a (LONG TIME) 
• (RECOVERY TIME) from SURGERY is quite QUICK
• RISKS - (HEART ATTACK - (DURING) OPERATION , INFECTION - (AFTER) SURGERY)        MAY also DEVELOP a BLOOD CLOT NEAR the STENT

STATINS - (REDUCE) CHOLESTEROL in the BLOOD (DRUGS - REDUCE CHOLESTEROL) - SLOWS DOWN the RATE of FATTY DEPOSITS (FORMING)

CHOLESTEROL - LIPID that your BODY(NEEDS) (TOO MUCH - (CAUSES) FATTY DEPOSITS to FORM (INSIDE) ARTERIES)                                                                                                            

ADVANTAGES                                                               DISADVANTAGES                                REDUCE the RISK of STROKES, HEART ATTACKS   MUST be (TAKEN) REGULARLY OVER  MAY also PREVENT some OTHER DISEASES            a LONG TIME                                                                                                                                  Have SIDE EFFECTS (HEADACHE)                                        

ARTIFICIAL HEART - (PUMPS) BLOOD ROUND the BODY

HEART TRANSPLANT - Persons HEART is REPLACED by a (DONOR) HEART -                           - This CAN HAPPEN if SOMEONE has HEART FAILURE                                                                  HEART FAILURE - When the HEART (CAN'T) PUMP enough BLOOD , the LUNGS (MAY) also be REPLACED if they're DISEASED                                                                                                       If (DONOR) HEART (ISN'T AVAILABLE) , DOCTORS may FIT a ARTIFICIAL HEART (MACHINE) ARTIFICIAL HEARTS - KEEP a PERSON (ALIVE) UNTIL a (DONOR) HEART is AVAILABLE  -  SOMETIMES they're PERMANENT

ADVANTAGES

• MADE from METALS/PLASTICS - (LESS) LIKELY to BE ATTACKED by the BODY'S (IMMUNE SYSTEM) than a (DONOR) HEART

DISADVANTAGES

• SURGERY - CAN LEAD to BLEEDING & INFECTION
• BLOOD (DOESN'T) (FLOW) THROUGH  as SMOOTHLY as (NORMAL) HEART - CLOTS   
• PATIENT (MUST) take DRUGS to THIN their BLOOD                                                                               

HEALTH - The STATE of PHYSICAL & MENTAL WELLBEING - The BODY & MIND are WELL

DISEASES - (OFTEN) RESPONSIBLE for CAUSING ILL-HEALTH                                                    CAN be (COMMUNICABLE / NON COMMUNICABLE)

COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

• They (CAN) SPREAD from (PERSON TO PERSON)
• CAUSED by BACTERIA , VIRUSES , PARASITES / FUNGI
• E.G. MEASLES , MALARIA

NON COMMUNICABLE DISEASES

• They (CANNOT) SPREAD BETWEEN (PEOPLE)
• E.G. CORONARY HEART DISEASE

DISEASE - CAN (CAUSE) OTHER (PHYSICAL & MENTAL HEALTH) ISSUES 

• IMMUNE SYSTEM - HELPS to FIGHT OFF (PATHOGENS - CAUSES DISEASE)                       (SOME) PEOPLE have PROBLEMS with IT - MAKES them (MORE LIKELY) to SUFFER from (COMMUNICABLE DISEASES)
• IMMUNE SYSTEM REACTION (CAUSED by a PATHOGEN) (MAY) LEAD to an ALLERGIC REACTION (E.G. SKIN RASH , (WORSE - ASTHMA)
• VIRUSES - (INFECT) CELLS in the BODY - LEAD to SOME types of CANCER
• (PHYSICAL) HEALTH PROBLEMS may LEAD to (MENTAL) HEALTH PROBLEMS                (E.G. (PERSON) may BECOME DEPRESSED as they CANT do ACTIVITIES)

FACTORS - AFFECT your HEALTH 

• POOR DIET - AFFECTS (PHYSICAL & MENTAL) HEALTH
• (CONSTANTLY) Under STRESS
• LIFE SITUATION 

RISK FACTORS - LINKED to an INCREASED CHANCE of GETTING a CERTAIN DISEASE           (DON'T mean they will DEFINETELY GET the DISEASE)

• PART of a PERSON'S LIFESTYLE (HOW MUCH) (EXERCISE)
• SUBSTANCES in a PERSON'S ENVIRONMENT (AIR POLLUTION)
• SUBSTANCES in a PERSON'S BODY (ASBESTOS FIBRES in LUNGS - Causes CANCER)

LIFESTYLE FACTORS - Have DIFFERENT EFFECTS (LOCALLY/NATIONALLY/GLOBALLY)

• GLOBALLY - (NON COMMUNICABLE) (MORE) COMMON in DEVELOPED COUNTRIES        - Because they EARN MORE and can buy HIGH-FAT FOOD
• NATIONALLY - (OBESITY/TYPE 2 DIABETES) (MORE) COMMON in POORER COUNTRIES  - Because they SMOKE , have a POOR DIET , NO EXERCISE 
• LOCALLY - (INDIVIDUAL CHOICES) 

(SOME) RISK FACTORS - ABLE to (DIRECTLY) CAUSE a DISEASE

• (TOO MUCH) DRINKING - DAMAGES the (BRAIN & LIVER)
• (TOO MUCH) SMOKING - DAMAGES the (ARTERY WALLS & LUNG LINING)

CAUSED by (UNCONTROLLED) CELL GROWTH/DIVISION-(LED ON) by CHANGES in CELLS   This RESULTS IN a TUMOUR (MASS OF CELLS)

(BENIGN) TUMOURS

• MASSES of (ABNORMAL CELLS)
• STAY in (1 PLACE) (WITHIN MEMBRANE)
• (DON'T) INVADE (OTHER) PARTS of the BODY
• (ISN'T) NORMALLY DANGEROUS, (ISN'T) CANCEROUS

(MALIGNANT) TUMOURS

• (SPREAD) to OTHER PARTS of the BODY
• CELLS CAN (BREAK OFF) & TRAVEL in the BLOODSTREAM
• CELLS (GET INTO) HEALTHYTISSUES & (FORM) SECONDARY TUMOURS
• DANGEROUS & (CAN) be FATAL - CANCERS

RISK FACTORS - INCREASE the CHANCE of (SOME) CANCERS

LIFESTYLE FACTORS

• SMOKING - LINKED to (MANY) TYPES
• OBESITY - LINKED to (MANY) TYPES
• VIRAL INFECTION - LINKED to (CERTAIN) TYPES
• UV EXPOSURE - SUN produces UV RADIATION - LINKED to SKIN CANCER

GENETIC FACTORS

• GENES are (INHERITED) from PARENT - OFFSPRING 
• (SOMETIMES) you CAN (INHERIT) FAULTY GENES - MAKES you (MORE LIKELY) to GET CANCER

PEOPLE are MORE LIKELY to SURVIVE CANCER (BECAUSE).....

• TREATMENTS - IMPROVED
• DOCTORS - DIAGNOSE CANCER (EARLIER)
• PEOPLE - BEING (SCREENED) , KNOW (RISK FACTORS)

PLANT CELLS - ORGANISED into (TISSUES & ORGANS)

PLANTS - (MADE) of ORGANS - These WORK TOGETHER to (MAKE) ORGAN SYSTEMS        (E.G. STEMS , ROOTS , LEAVES - ORGANS) (WORK TOGETHER to TRANSPORT SUBSTANCES (AROUND) the PLANT)

PLANT ORGANS - (MADE) of TISSUES

• EPIDERMAL TISSUE - (COVERS) the (WHOLE) PLANT
• PALISADE MESOPHYLL TISSUE- (MOST) PHOTOSYNTHESIS OCCURS
• SPONGY MESOPHYLL TISSUE - Has (BIG) AIR SPACES - ALLOWS (GASES) to DIFFUSE (IN & OUT) of CELLS
• XYLEM & PHLOEM - TRANSPORT (WATER , MINERAL IONS , FOOD) (AROUND) the (ROOTS , STEMS , LEAVES)
• MERISTEM TISSUE - FOUND at the GROWING TIPS of SHOOTS & ROOTS

LEAVES - CONTAIN (EPIDERMAL,  MESOPHYLL , XYLEM , PHLOEM) TISSUE

LEAF - Where PHOTOSYNTHESIS & GAS EXCHANGE (HAPPENS) in a PLANT

UPPER EPIDERMIS - (TRANSPARENT) - Lets LIGHT THROUGH to the (PALISADE LAYER)

PALISADE LAYER - LOTS of (CHLOROPLASTS) - NEAR (TOP) - to GET MORE (LIGHT)

SPONGY MESOPHYLL - CONTAINS (AIR SPACES) - INCREASE (RATE) (DIFFUSION GASES)

LOWER EPIDERMIS 

STOMATA - LETS (GASES) DIFFUSE (IN & OUT) - (OPENED & CLOSED) in RESPONSE to the ENVIRONMENT - CONTROLLED by the (GUARD CELLS)

XYLEM & PHLOEM - BRING (WATER & NUTRIENTS) to LEAF & TAKE AWAY (GLUCOSE) PRODUCED by PHOTOSYNTHESIS - (SUPPORT) the LEAF

(PHLOEM) TUBES - TRANSPORT (FOOD)

• (MADE) of (STRETCHED OUT) LIVING CELLS
• END WALLS (BETWEEN) the CELLS - have PORES to allow CELL SAP (THROUGH)
• PLANTS (MAKE) FOOD SUBSTANCES (E.G. DISSOLVED SUGARS) in LEAVES
• (PHLOEM) TRANSPORT them AROUND the PLANT for (IMMEDIATE USE)
• TRANSPORT - BOTH DIRECTIONS - (TRANSLOCATION)

(XYLEM) TUBES - (TAKE) WATER (UP)

• (MADE) of DEAD CELLS
• (JOINED TOGETHER) with a HOLE (DOWN) the MIDDLE
• (NO) END WALLS (BETWEEN) the CELLS
• CELLS are STRENGTHENED with (MATERIAL - LIGNIN)
• CARRY (WATER & MINERAL IONS) FROM (ROOTS to STEM & LEAVES)
• MOVEMENT OF (WATER) from the ROOTS - THROUGH the XYLEM - OUT of the LEAVES     = TRANSPIRATION STREAM

TRANSPIRATION - (LOSS) of WATER from the PLANT

- CAUSED by EVAPORATION & DIFFUSION of WATER from a PLANT'S SURFACE (LEAVES)

TRANSPIRATION STREAM - (CONSTANT) STREAM of WATER

TRANSPIRATION RATE is AFFECTED by:

AIR FLOW

• (MORE) WINDY - (FASTER) TRANSPIRATION HAPPENS
• (FAST MOVING) AIR - WATER VAPOUR (AROUND) LEAF is SWEPT AWAY
• (HIGHER CONCENTRATION) - (WATER VAPOUR) (INSIDE) - WATER will DIFFUSE OUT (QUICKER)

TEMPERATURE

• (WARMER) it is - (FASTER) TRANSPIRATION HAPPENS
• BECAUSE .... (WATER PARTICLES) have (MORE ENERGY) - (EVAPORATE & DIFFUSE) OUT the STOMATA (QUICKER)

HUMIDITY

• AIR (HUMID) - LOTS of WATER in it ALREADY
• DIFFUSION - WON'T HAPPEN as (FAST)
• (DRIER) AIR - (FASTER) TRANSPIRATION HAPPENS

LIGHT INTENSITY

• (BRIGHTER) LIGHT - (FASTER) TRANSPIRATION 
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS - (CAN'T) HAPPEN in the DARK - STOMATA begin to CLOSE as it GETS (DARKER)
• (CLOSE STOMATA) - (VERY LITTLE) WATER (CAN) ESCAPE

GUARD CELLS - Control GAS EXCHANGE & WATER LOSS

• STOMATA - (SURROUNDED) by GUARD CELLS
• (CHANGE SHAPE) to CONTROL the SIZE of the STOMATA
• PLANT (LOTS OF WATER) - (GUARD CELLS) FILL with IT & GET (FAT) - (MAKES) the STOMATA (OPEN) so GASES (CAN) be EXCHANGED for (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
• PLANT (SHORT OF WATER) - (GUARD CELLS) (LOSE) WATER & BECOME (FLOPPY) - (MAKES) the STOMATA (CLOSE) - helps STOP (TOO MUCH) WATER VAPOUR (ESCAPING)
• (MORE) STOMATA - (BOTTOMS) of LEAVES                                                                               Because..... (LOWER SURFACE) is (COOLER) - (LESS WATER) gets (LOST)