Nicholas II continued...
- Created by: Rachellowe
- Created on: 10-04-18 13:09
The Vyborg appeal
200 hundred kadet deputies went to Finland asnd issued the Vyborg Maniifesto urging Russians not to pay their taxes. The government responded by closing down Kadet ofices and dismissing party members from government service.
Georgian independence
WW1 aroused little enthusiasm from the people in Georgia, who did not see much to be gained from the conflict, although 200,000 Georgians were mobilised to fight in the army. When Turkey joined the war on Germany's side in November, Georgia found itself on the frontline. Most Georgian politicians remained neutral, though pro-German feeling and the sense that independence was within reach began to grow among the population.
The State council
During 1906–1917, the status of the State Council was defined by the Russian Constitution of 1906. Its chairman was appointed by the Tsar. Half of its members were appointed by the Tsar from persons distinguished at civil and military service, and half by elections from various categories of society. The State Council was the upper house of the parliament, while the State Duma of the Russian Empire was the lower house.
The council of ministers
After Nicholas II issued the October Manifesto of 1905 granting civil liberties and a national legislature (Duma and a reformed State Council), the Committee was replaced with a Council of Ministers. Unlike the Committee of Ministers, this council was presided over by a Chairman besides the Emperor, and functioned as a policy making cabinet with its Chairman acting as Prime Minister (head) of the government. As a result, from 1905-1917 the Council of Ministers collectively decided the government's policy, tactical direction, and served as a buffer between the Emperor and the national legislature.
Union of Russian people (rightists)
Lead by Purnshkevich, they promoted violence against the left wing and favoured the use of pogroms.
Ivan Goremykin
Goremykin was a loyal supporter of Nicholas IIand the autocracy. He served as interior minister (1895-99) before succeeding Sergi Witte as premier in 1906. However, as a strong opponent of political reform, he was in conflict with the First Duma and was soon forced to resign in July, 1906, and was replaced by Peter Stolypin. Nicholas II appointed Goremykin as his prime minister in early 1914. As Goremykin was considered to be both reactionary and incompetent, this decision undermined the Tsar's authority. Goremykin was also seen as a close ally of Gregory Rasputin and this made him extremely unpopular with Russia's leading politicians. Goremykin advised Nicholas II to close down the Fourth Duma.
Stolypin's wager on the strong and sober
Stolypin believed that tying the peasants to their own private land-holdings would produce profit-minded and politically conservative farmers like those living in parts of western Europe. He referred to his own programs as a "wager on the strong and sober". The reforms began with and introduced the unconditional right of individual landownership. Stolypin's reforms abolished the obshchina system and replaced it with a capitalist-oriented form highlighting private ownership and consolidated modern farmsteads.
Stolypins assasination
Stolypin traveled to Kiev to go to the theatre, despite police warnings that an assassination plot was afoot. There had already been 10 attempts to kill him. The theater was occupied by 90 men posted as interior guards, Stolypins personal gaurd has stepped outside when Stolypin was shot by Bogrov a leftist revolutionary, who was hung 10 days later. The judicial investigation was halted by order of the Tsar, giving rise to suggestions that the assassination was planned not by leftists, but by conservative monarchists who were afraid of Stolypin's reforms and his influence on the Tsar.
Yevno Azef
Azef was a Russian socialist revolutionary who was also a double agent, working both as an organiser of assassinations for the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and a police spy for the Okhrana. He rose in the ranks to become the leader of the party's terrorist branch, the SR Combat Organization, from 1904 to 1908.
Cancelled redemption payments
As promised in 1905, redemption payments were abolished in January 1907 and peasants became free to leave their villages. A new peasant land bank was esablished so to fund purchases as peasants were now able to apply for permission to consolidate scattered strips into single farms.
Rasputin
Amystic peasant who exercised influence with the tsarina and then in the tsarist government in the early years of the first world war, after the tsar went off to become commander in cheif of the army. One major decision Rasputin had influence on was the bread rationing leading to the february 1917 revolution. Rasputin was assassinated in 1916.
Lena Goldfields massacre
In 1912, the miners at the Lena Goldfields in Siberia went on strike. They worked long hours for poor pay and in a harsh climate and demanded better pay and living conditions. The army were sent to intervene and 500 workers were killed.
Tercentenary
Celebrating 300 yers of the Romanov dynasty in 1913, in which a national holiday was decared, free meals were served in the poorere parts of the city and therefore drew huge crowds. On entry to Moscow Nicholas II was able to ride his horse alone and 20 metres in front of his gaurds.
Peter Struve
Struve had been a Marxist but he was opposed to violent revolution and he belieed in constitutional governement. He was a founder of the Union of Liberation.
Union of liberation
Union of Liberation, first major liberal political group in Russia. The Union was founded in St Petersburg in January 1904, under the influence of Struve, to be a covert organization working to replace absolutism with a constitutional monarchy. 50 banquets, attended by the liberal elite, were held over the winter of 1904 to spread the unions message.
Beseda Symposium
Beseda Symposium was a clandestine discussion circle consisting of liberal "zemstvo men", among them the most prominent and grand names of the Russian aristocracy (e.g. prince lvov), formed in 1899. Discussion was originally strictly to be of the affairs of the zemstvos. After the persecution of the zemstvos was increased in 1900, when it dismissed several hundreds of liberals from the elected zemstvo boards, the circle was forced to confront political issues and questions. In the following two years, the Beseda would become the "leading force of the constitutionalist movement", with a wide spectrum of public men, from industrial magnates to civic leaders, supporting it, and its calls for reform.
All Zemstva Organisation
After Nicholas II dismissied the cal for a national duma in 1895 as a senseless dream, many of the leading liberals in the Zemstvas tried to set up an all zemstva organisation in 1896 but this was also banned.
Nikolay Bogolepov and Peter Karpovich
Bogolepov was minister of popular enlightenment and made sometimes unpopulare decisions for instance, in the beginning of 1901 he commanded that 183 students of Kiev University were conscripted into the army. On 27 February he was shot in the neck by Pyotr Karpovich, supporter of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party and died on 15 March. Karpovich was sentenced to twenty years of katorga. Five years later he escaped and died in 1917 when a ship with Russian émigrés was sunk by a German submarine.
Agrarian socialism
Taking estates from the landowners and dividing the land between the peasants to be farmed communally. The ideas of agraian socialism were revived after the famie of 1891-92 and highlighted the need to reform the rural economy.
The first congress of the Social Democratic Worker
The social Democratic worker party was founded in 1898. Only nine delegates attended the first congress but they wrote the manifesto and elected a 3 man central committee, two of whom were arrested immeditley. Lenin wrote for the party newspaper (the spark) and produced a pamphlet 'what is to be done'. In 1903, 51 delegates attended the second congress but their was a split between Lenin and Martov.
Mensheviks
Led by Martov, they wanted a democratic party that was open to all and was willing to co-operate with other parties and trade unions. They believed that the workers should lead the revolution and that a proletarian revolution could only happen after the bougeoise revolution.
Bolsheviks
Led by Lenin, they wanted a small, centerally controlled, high;y disciplined party of professional revolutionaries who would lead the revolution on behalf of the workers. Unlike the Mensheviks they refused to work with other parties and trade unions. They believed the bourgeoise and proletarian revolutions could occur simultaneously.
Julius Martov
Former member of the Social Democratic Workers Party before disagreeing with Lenin and heading up the Menshevik party after the SD's split.
Pravda and Luch
Pravda is a Russian broadsheet newspaper, formerly the official newspaper of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, when it was one of the most influential papers in the country with a circulation of 11 million. The newspaper began publication on 5 May 1912 in the Russian Empire, but was already extant abroad in January 1911. It emerged as a leading newspaper of the Soviet Union after the October Revolution. The newspaper was an organ of the Central Committee of the CPSU between 1912 and 1991.
Social impacts of WW1
- List of casualties was aroun 8 million
- 1 million Russians were killed and a similar number were taken prisoner
- The morale of soldiers was low and there was a lack of regard for their welfare
Zemgor
The Zemgor was a organsiation set up in 1915 to help the government in their World War I effort. The first Chairman of the Committee was Prince Georgy Lvov, a representative of the Constitutional Democratic party. This was lead by liberals and so could have been suggestive of a move towards revolution.
Political impacts of WW1
- Rasputin and the Tsarina had been left in charge, the nobility assassinated Rasputin to try and save the tsarist system
- Nicholas II took control of the army in August 1915
- Nicholas II rode a wave of popular support which then ultimatley lead to a lack of support.
- St Petersburg was changed to Petrograd to sound less German.
Mikhail Rodzianko
He was head of the Duma and went on a fact finding tour and recieved compaints about the lack of basic supplies and found wounded soldiers left in the cold and rain pleadin to have their wounds dressed.
Economic impact of WW1
- Lack of grain
- Signalling system failed
- There had been a 1000% growth in the output of artillery and rifles
- Moscow only recieved 1/3 of its supplies of food and fuel
- The price of food and uel quadrupled between 1914 and 1916
- Wages doubled
Brusilov Offensive
Brusilov ordered the generals of the four armies under his control to set-out their own plans of attack. By doing this, Brusilov was convinced that the Germans would not be able to work out where the main attack would come within that sector. Brusilov also ordered all correspondents out of the area and refused to give out any information that was likely to make its way to the tsarina Alexandra. Brusilov’s attack started on June 4th. Three of his four armies had great success. Precise artillery bombardments and surprise helped this. By June 8th, the Austrians were in full retreat. Evert failed to start his attack on the 9th and Brusilov was told that the West Front would only start its attack on the 18th June. The Germans in the east managed to get together enough men to support the ailing Austrians in the southern sector and this all but doomed Brusilov’s offensive to failure.
The Progressive Bloc
The progressive bloc was a coalition of moderate conservatives and liberals in the fourth Russian Duma (elected legislative body) that tried to pressure the imperial government into adopting a series of reforms aimed at inspiring public confidence in the government and at improving the management of Russia’s effort in World War I. The bloc was formed in August 1915 under the leadership of Pavel N. Milyukov. On September 7 its members issued a program that called upon Emperor Nicholas II to appoint ministers who enjoyed the nation’s confidence and who would cooperate with the legislature. It urged that the government curtail its practices that discriminated against national and religious minority groups and that it cooperate with private organizations that had formed to promote the war effort.The bloc, which included about half of the Duma membership, received support from several political factions in the State Council (the upper house of the legislature) as well as from some ministers and organizations representing local governments. But the emperor responded on Sept. 16, 1915, by suspending the session of the Duma (which had begun on August 1).
Prince Yusopov and Vladimir Purishkevich
Yusopov was married to Nicholas II's niece and was a participant in the assassination of Rasputin along with Purishkevich amongst other nobles. They believed that killing Raputin was the only way that the tsarist regime would survive.
Related discussions on The Student Room
- Russia (1801 - 1917) NEA »
- Alevel History Coursework help!! »
- NEA a level history tsar russia »
- Notes for Russia and its Rulers 1855-1964 »
- Why are young men so different than before? »
- AQA A Level History Paper 1 (7042/1A-1L) - 23rd May 2024 [Exam Chat] »
- Guide: Which Language Should I Study? »
- History edexcel communism russia and china »
- English Literature EPQ Title »
- What Should I pick for my Year 13 History Option »
Comments
No comments have yet been made