n.i changing relationships

• terence o'neill resigned on 28th april 1969
• replaced by his cousin james chichester clark- middle of the road unionist
• pm harold wilson wanted more to be done over discrim but he would be resisted by paisley

• january 1969 burntollet was still fresh on nationallists minds-house burning bfast/derry by prods
• 12 august the annual apprentice boys parade was to go ahead over the walls past cath. areas
• trouble feared-bogside barricaded-john hume asked the gov. to ban it but was refused
• the parade was peaceful but some prods threw pennies after and it developed
• a riot- police tried to take down rossville barricade-battle insued-cath bogside threw petrol bombs at ruc- riots for 2 days 'BATTLE OF THE BOGSIDE'
• trouble spread  to belfast 12-15 near civil war, bad ruc intel said ira uprising imminent
• 1500 cath. in prod areas fled to rc barricades and 300 prods fled
• 10 people dead 150 injured in fights. 200 houses burnt- segregation in housing
• the police claim to dismantle barricade to seperate mobs
• catholics said police and thugs attacked them

• the events were a turning point leading to deployed brit troops and re-emergance of ira
• taoiseach jack lynch-  stormount are no longer in control, sent ambulances to border- ruc=bias- wanted un peacekeepers to be sent
• the brits sent troops to belfast and derry 15th august
• because clark wanted them- ruc were tired and needed help-couldnt sit back and watch

• 19 august- chichester clark travelled to meet the pm
• unionists were told NI would not leave the Uk without consent
• nationalists were told there would be equality of treatment/freedom from discrim
• this led to further reforms
• a committee on policing under lord hunt said swap b-specials with part time army control force
• the scarman tribunal set up to invstigate recent events
• 1 housing authority
• gerrymandering ended
• on 12th september cameron commision reported the riots- critical of rc but mainly at police/gov
• the government invested £2 million in work schemes to make a content society
• it covered fair housing,gerrymandering,prevent job discrim,no b-specials

unionists

• relief that law and order was restored
• embarresed that the ruc lost control
• stormont was worried about london getting too involved
• stormont got the troops under their control

nationalists

• the violence made them feel scared- they lost faith in the ruc
• this ment they welcomed the arrival- warmly welcomed e.g tea/sandwichs
• they saw this as a win over the losing control stormont
• but some felt embarresed on their dependance on english troops

unionists

• reassured as they would not leave the uk without consent
• irratated as some reforms benifited the nationalists
• angry as they lost b-specials and unionist party criscised
• they felt westminster was taking the nationalist side and their power

nationalists

• welcomed the reforms as they felt the brits saw the bias
• happy at the loss of b-specials
• better equality i.e gerrymandering and new housing authority

the brits wanted to restore law and order and fix bias but the paramiltarys stopped this

• summer 1969 the nationalists mainly in belfast couldnt protect themselves so welcomed troops
• the ira were embarressed they couldnt defend their ppl i ran away appeared on walls
• the ira debated tactics and split in december into provisonal and official ira
• official- ended their border campaign in 196- more interested in marxism so wanted to work to a socialist state through politicial means as violence weakend their chances
• the provisionals- northeners who wanted to renew the armed struggle as they were embarresed at their lack of helping cath. they had sinn feinn who didnt take seats if ellected
• the early months were spent recruiting/trainning in ardoynne,upper falls and west.
• they also got money from sympathysers e.g usa/dublin and bought weapons
• they first defended a church on the lower newtownards road july 1970

this was a propoganda gift for the pira to protect

• the curfew made the nationalists feel alienated and they now saw  the army as bias
• the search uncovered 30 rifles,24 shot guns,52 pistols but the damage done was immense
• in 1971 the pira launched a bombing campaign targetting prod shops and buisnesses
• by may 1971 they set off 136 bombs
• in march 1971 they lured 3 soldiers to a party hand shot them in the head
• on august 8th  1 solider was shot dead and 6 injured

• the uvf already existed
• the uda was formed in september 1971 as the ira increased after internment
• by the end of 1971 it had 30000 members and was seen as too big to ban
• formation was a reaction to the concessions made by o'neill as a result of the downing agree
• their aim was to assure protestant dominance in ulster
• they usually reacted to the ira by killing cath. not ira member e.g mcgurks bar 1971 15 dead

the alliance party

• april 1970 moderate unionists left the uup joined with catholics and made a cross community
• open to all lead by a catholic but opposed secterianism

dup- formed 1971

• in april 1970 paisley won o'neills seat and the north antrim seat in the general election
• hard line unionist appealed to working class and rivaled the uup

nationalist - sdlp

• nicra shifted support and in 1 election hume beat fitt- catholic- support in dublin
• to secure civil rights for all, deal with unemployment,co-operation with south then unity by consent

• arrest and imprisonment for an indefinite period without trial/being charged
• this was introduced to combat increasing ira violence
• the resignation of chichester-clark in march and replaced by hard-line faulkner
• to root  out the ira leadership like it did 1956-62
• on 9th august 1971 it was introduced under the special powers act

it failed because - the ruc intelligence was out of date, many non active members arrested, most were released and almost no new leaders were found

it was bias as - it was only used against nationalists and not unionists and many were interogated under torture (compton commision)

this outraged nationalists- it denied civil liberties-was used bias even with prod violence and the majority were innocent but were tortured

they showed their feelings by  withholding government payments- some joined the ira and violence increased and a protest took place at milligan camp 22nd january 1972 met with baton charges.

this was a propoganda gift as it allowed them to recruit more ppl and to get funds for weapons from amerca

violence then increased- an **** of violence, many dead many homeless even the uda fought back.

this all lead to further alienation

this was an anti internment nicra march in derry

• there was a 6 month ban on marches
• paisley warned if army didnt stop it he and his men would- it went ahead with 15000 marchers
• the parachute regiment sealed of the centre and confusion insued
• youths fired stones-soldiers claimed shots fired and they fired back-13 marchers mainly teen killed
• the gov. set up an inquiry by lord widgery to find the cause but struggled to find one
• he called the army bordering on reckless- it said army fired on but no weapons found on dead but they could be gunmen and bombers
• to nationalists this was a whitewash as no soldiers were arrested
• in 1998 blair introduced a new inquiry and in 2010 david cameron apologised

nationalists

• anger and shock at 13 unarmed killed- it was a pre planned conspiracy or army overreacted
• they belived the report was a whiewash- it destroyed any goodwill to the army and propganda
• outside the uk was outrage- more ira funding british embassy in dublin burned down

unionists

• most agreed with the report as it was illegal but some felt regret but little sympathy
• no smoke without fire- feb 1972 the ulster vanguard was formed to protect prod interests
• 2 unionists joined the alliance

the parliment was suspended until a solution was found and for now ni was run by the secretary of state.

it was introduced because

1. stormont army control confused commanders orders from london and belfast

2. the army was used and ruined the relationship with the nationalists

3. the unionist gov couldnt rule an un bias gov. and not alienate the cath.

the british gov took control of security,end internment and have a crosss community gov

the unionists refused- pm and faulkner met in london 22nd march 1972

william whitelaw sos- direct rule ment to be short but lasted till 1998

unionists

anger,betreyal, the symbol of power gone, the gov liked the nationalists and soon united ireland

28th march100000 ppl striked and protested at stormount- uda memebership +  more murder

nationalist

pleased, hoped for a cross community govt, ira saw it as a victory but said it was britains claim on them stepped up the campaign