Nevado del Ruiz and Mount Etna

• Strato volcano in Andes Mountain Range- highest volcano in colombia 
• formed at subduction zone of Nazca oceanic plate descending beneath South America plate 

TIMELINE OF ERUPTION:

• Eruption on the 13th November 1985 after a year of explosions of steam and minor earthquakes
• 3.06PM- Pumice fragments and ash were thrown from the sides of vents- showered down on town of Amero 
• 7.00PM- Red Cross called for evacuation but shortly after ash stopped falling so it was called off
• 9.08PM- eruption began- lava erupted and it was accompanied by heavy rainfall- 20 million cubic metres  of hot ash and rocks travelled across the glacier forming pyroclastic flow and Lahar. It travelled at 50km/h
• 11.28 pm- Lahars reached Amero and after a few short minutes most of the town was swept away or buried
• One Lahar continued flowing down the river reaching ChinChina and killing 1927 people. 

PRIMARY EFFECTS:

• Hot clouds of ash and gas released
• Magma thrown into air- lava 
• avalanches of pyroclastic flow 
• 5000 homes destroyed
• 23,000 people killed
• 5000 people injured
• Mud rose up to 40m deep and was deposited in the valleys in the path of Lahars adding to it

SECONDARY EFFECTS:

• Temperature of the Lahar's served as a breeding ground for bacteria and fungi- people died of infection 
• 10,000 people were left homeless
• Roads/transport links were blocked- difficult for resuce workers to reach survivors
• Land was made more fertile by the mud flow
• Cost $7.7billion- 20% of country's GDP at the time 

• Strato volcano formed as a result of repeated volcanic eruptions that have built up layers of ash and lava to create a cone 
• In Sicily- form of income is to ski on slopes of volcano 

TIMELINE:

• Erupted after a series of earthquakes measuring 4.3 on the Richter scale
• Several explosions blackened the sky
• Gas and ash was forced from 2 vents 
• Followed by magma which was thrown 100m into the sky
• lava began to flow down the side of the mountain- forming 2 seperate flows 

IMPACTS:

• 100 homes damaged and holiday homes were overtaken by officials to house the homeless
• residental areas eg Linguaglossa were evacuated- 1000 people evacuated altogether
• schools shut down 
• airport in Catania closed for 4 days due to ash 
• Skiing season was about to start but restaurant and 3 ski lifts damaged 

Responses:

• declared state of emergency 
• rescue workers battled to divert the lava away from the scientific research centre at the foot of the volcano 
• army bulldozers cracked tarmac and built barriers in a car park near centre of town 
• it was an attempt to create a channel to divert lava away from populated areas- Linguaglossa
• Ship equipped with medical supplies was positioned off Catania to help 
• Tax breaks and financial aid was given to affected businesses- overall £5.6million