why?can maniuplate genes so if you shine on these neurons you can activate them and provide footshock as US
how?insert genes into rat and put optic fibres into certain place and have lights with certain frequency to activate the neurons - fear conditoning was observed as a reduction in previously trained lever pressing (US = footshock)
what did they find? an increase in AMPA mediated the responses in the amygdala from those recieving paired training - indicating LTP - the change in behaviour is a result of an increase in AMPA receptor activity
NMDA antagnost (MK801) impaired optogenetic conditioning - this leaning is mediated by NMDA receptors
implications/conclusions? could induce LTP in these animals by flashing lazer light on/off - there is no difference in using a real/evoked tone - LTP is mediated by NMDA receptors
effect of protocols? 2 protocols (fast vs. slow):
1. LTP - give trains of 100 2ms bursts of light at 100hz 2. LTD - give 900 2ms pulses of light at 1hz
found: LTD protocol inactivates fear behaviour - LTP protocol activates fear behaviour - shown by reduction in lever pressing in LTP protocol - effect of LTP protocol was only effective if they had been previously trained (isnt LTP itself inducing fear behav) - LTD effective on both tone and optogenetic conditioning (real world and induced) - more dramatic reduction in just tone - LTP cannot bring back a fear that has become extinct
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