Nepal Earthquake - LIC

Date = 25th April 2015

Location = Kathmandu (Nepal)

Strength = 7.9 on the Richter Scale

Plate Margin = Eurasian and Indo-Australian plates (Collision plate margin)

Primary Effects -

• 9000 deaths
• 20,000 injured
• No electricity or water
• Expensive damage
• Airports were congested

Secondary Effects -

• 19 killed on Mount Everest
• Missing people
• Landslides blocked roads
• Kali river became flooded.
• People made homeless

Immediate Responses - 

• Search and Rescue was deployed 
• Helicopters saved those who were on Mount Everest
• Field hospitals were set up
• Helicopters delivered goods to cut off villages.

Long-term Responses - 

• Landslides were cleared
• Roads were repaired
• Thousands were re-homed
• 7,000 schools were repaired/rebuilt

Date = 11th March 2011

Location = East of Sendai

Strength = 9.0 on Richter Scale

Primary Effects - 

• 15,000 people killed
• 5,000 people injured
• Missing people
• Roads damaged
• Properties destroyed.

Secondary Effects - 

• Tsunami
• Coastal flooding
• Transport links damaged
• Seawater contaminated soil
• Nuclear power plant damaged.

Immediate Responses - 

• Goods were delivered twice a day
• Shelters were given to the homeless
• Cut off communities were located.
• Aircraft were sent out to located in bad areas.

Long-term Responses - 

• Sendai airports were cleared and repaired
• Radioactive contamination was cleared
• Water and electricity supplies were fixed.

Date = 25th August 2005

Location = New Orleans, Mississippi, Louisiana and Florida.

Ocean = Caribbean

Primary Effects - 

• 1800 people killed
• 300,000 homes destroyed
• 80% of New Orleans was flooded.
• Coastal habitats were damaged.

Secondary Effects - 

• Many jobs were lost
• water supplies were contaminated with sewage
• billions spent on repairing the damage.

Immediate Responses - 

• 80% of New Orleans was evacuated
• Shelters were set up and the food was supplied
• Many people were rescued
• Charities collected donations.

Long-term Responses - 

• Rebuilding homes and infrastructure
• Buildings were to be built on stilts
• Repairing and improving flood defences.

Location = In the south of Asia amongst the islands

• Made up of Peninsular Malaysia and East Malaysia.
• East Malaysia is part of the island of Borneo.

Malaysia - 

• 70% of Malaysia is rainforest
• 600 species
• 25% of all plants in the rainforest
• Some plants could cure diseases.

Economic Gains - 

• Jobs made directly and indirectly
• Companies pay taxes which go to public services
• Hydro-electric energy produces cheap and plentiful power
• Minerals can be found and sold

Economic Losses - 

• Pollution of water supply may contribute to water shortage
• fires can get out of control
• some plants used for medical uses may become extinct
• Tourists who visit the rainforest will decrease

Climate Change - 

• Fewer trees = More carbon dioxide

Loss of biodiversity - 

• Destroying habitats of many animals and destroying their food source.

River Pollution - 

• Mercury used to separate gold is polluting water supplies.

Native Tribal loss - 

• Native people are losing their homes and their traditional way of life.

Soil Erosion -

• Surface runoff is increased as the trees can no longer hold the water.

Oil - 

• Very rich reserves of oil across Indonesia and Brazil.

Mineral extraction - 

• A constant cycle of cutting more trees for a larger area of extraction.
• Roads fr transport must also be constructed.

Location = Norwegian territory - Atlantic Ocean

• The most northerly inhabited island in the world.
• A polar climate with 60% of the land covered by glaciers.

• Below freezing for 8 months
• Sun doesn't rise from October to mid-February
• Used to be in the tropics
• Can fall below -30 degrees

• 50km of road
• small streets between houses
• snowmobiles
• must carry a gun if leaving the town.
• Avalanches affect accessibility
• remote part of europe.
• One airport
• Plane or ship.

Coal Mining - 

• Vital to the economy of Svalbard
• Provides many jobs for people
• a rich supply of coal

Energy - 

• Burning coal has provided jobs and electricity for Svalbard
• Carbon Capturing is a new development

Fishing - 

• Barents sea richest fishing ground in the world. 
• many jobs provided in catching and selling.

Tourism - 

• Many jobs created in tourism
• Brings in a large amount of money.

Coal Mining - 

• Environmental groups are against coal mining.
• Lower world coal demand has made some people lose their jobs.

Energy - 

• Environmentalists want to use renewable energy sources

Fishing - 

• Pollution from boats and cruise ships can kill off fish.
• Fishermen take large quantities of fish instead of leaving them.

Tourism - 

• Noise pollution, Litter pollution and air pollution caused by more people coming to the island.
• More roads will affect wildlife and scenery.

• A university which provides physics, biology and geology.
• Water, electricity and sanitation.
• Underground heated water and sewage pipes.
• international seed vault.

• Hard to provide essentials like water and electricity.
• Slow outdoor work as low temperatures can cause frostbite.
• Houses are hard to build because of the permafrost.
• Transport can be hard due to the snow and heavy snowfall. 

Location = In Dorset (South coast of England)

Poole Harbour - 

• A large amount of deposition.
• Two spits at the mouth of the harbour.

Durlston Head - 

• Formed from hard Limestone.
• Swanage bay formed from soft clay.

Old Harry - 

• Famous stack.
• Formed from chalk.

Old Harry's wife - 

• Was another stack next to Old Harry.
• Collapsed in 1896 - she is now a stump.

Caves - 

• Cracks were formed from cracks in the headlands expanding due to freeze-thaw weathering.

Arches - 

• Two caves fell through and left a hole running through the headland.

Sand dunes - 

• Beach is very large and flat and can be moved easily.
• Tidal range was very big, so allowed the sand to dry out.
• The onshore wind was strong, this allowed to dunes to move up the beach.

• Further erosion will take place.
• Old Harry will erode until it collapses.
• The arch in the large stump will be eroded and will form a stack. 
• The current headland will erode more and become smaller.

Location = west Dorset coast

• New seawall and Promenade
• An emergency project to stabilise cliffs.
• Nails used to stabilise rocks
• Improved drainage
• Reprofiling of slope

• £22 million spent on improvements
• new seawall and promenade
• Large sand and shingle beach to absorb wave energy
• Extension of rock armour to help retain new beach.

• Not undertaken
• The plan was to reduce landslips and coastal erosion to West coast
• But the cost was too high for the benefits.

• £20 million
• New seawall
• Nailing more cliffs
• Improvements to drainage systems

• New beaches will increase tourism.
• New defences have stood up to winter weather
• Harbour is protected, better for fishermen and boat owners.

• More pollution from tourists
• New defences have ruined the natural beauty
• New seawall may affect other parts of the coastline
• Stabilising the cliffs will help protect against landslips.

Why did Lyme Regis need a coastal management scheme?

• Much of the town is built on unstable cliffs
• Tourism is high
• Many houses and buildings were previously damaged
• Major breaches of seawalls.

Location = northern England

Landforms = 

• waterfalls
• meanders
• oxbow lakes
• levees
• estuary

Waterfall -

• Close to the forest-in-tees-dale
• 20m drop
• gorge runs for 700m

Meanders - 

• As it becomes less steep

Oxbow Lakes -

• Sweeping meander at Stockburn - may develop into an oxbow lake.

Levees - 

• Flooding has caused the formation of Levees near Neasham.

Mouth -

• Flows east from source
• Is around 128kn from source.
• North sea in Middlesbrough

Estuary - 

• wide with mudflats.
• formed by rising in sea level from the last ice age.
• the site of scientific interest.