Nazi Germany

T- territory (lost 11 African colonies, 13% of Europe territory, 50% of iron and 15% of coal)

R- reparations (£6.6 billion)

A- army (Rhineland demilitarised, 100,000 army, 6 battleships, 6 crisis, 12 destroyers, 12 torpedoes, no air force)

W- war guilt (had to take responsibility)

L- League to Nations (Not allowed in LoN)

- Had to pay a lot of money

- Lost trade and international reputation

- Vulnerable to attacks

- Lost land to France who they beat

- Unfair saying they started the war

- No money/resources

- Trade routes ruined

- Left out of LoN

How new constitution was agreed - 11 August 1919

- People over that age of 20 could vote (including women)

- Politicians in the Reichstag sat for four years

- Reichsrat represented regional governments (limited to examining regional issues)

- President was elected elected every seven years

- Article 48 (could suspend constitution in times of emergency)

- Proportional representation - the amount of votes they get equals amount of seats. Allows small parties in = coalition govt more likely

- Article 48 - president can pass any laws in a state of emergency (decrees)

- Gold reserves spent during war

- £6.6 b

- Depleted workforce

- Less professionals

- Inflation

- French wanted Germany to pay reparations but they couldn't because they were so expensive. 

- French and Belgian troops invaded the Ruhr and took over the factories and coal mines

- Germany's army was limited and so they could not retaliate

- German workers refused to work (passive resistance) and this lifted morale for the general public.

- By not working it ruined economy because they were getting no produce but still paying the workers.

- By October 1923 currency was worthless

- People were paid daily

- Restaurants didn't print prices on menus as they changed so quickly

- Cheaper to burn banknotes than buy coal.

Old people - Saved money was worth nothing

Lower Class - Not affected / closer to middle class 

Middle Class - Savings worth noting / change in class

Upper Class - Richest still had land and that were expensive / saving worth nothing

The Social Democratic Party had a lot of support because it was a mix between the left and right

KDP - Communist party

DAP - Germany workers' party (early Nazi party)

- 6th January 1919 

- Tried to bring in communism and overthrow the government 

- Rosa Luxemburg / Karl Liebknecht / 100,000 communists 

- Charged Berlin and took key buildings 

- 4000 Freikorp were sent to sort out communists (which made Weimar govt look weak)

- Rebels murdered / leaders killed / government back to 'normal'

- Take over government / Abolish ToV / Take land back from ToV

- Dr. Wolfgang Kapp / Freikorps (armed and trained fighters)

- 5000 marched on Berlin / government fled

- Government told workers to stop, Berlin went bust, new government fell through and Kapp fled to Sweden

Currency abolished and Rentenmark was brought in and it was run by the Reichsbank (independent international bank)

1924- Cycle of prosperity / everyone can recover- Everyone was reliant on the USA- USA - Germany - France/GB - USA

-1929

- Reparations were dropped to £2.2 billion (£50 mil and year

- 59 extra years to pay (Hitler 'passing on the penalty to the unborn')

- Germany could lower taxes

-1925

- French troops left Rhineland

- France promised peace

- LoN talks began

- Some Germans thought that the Germans were accepting the borders laid out in the ToV

-1928

- Meant that war would not be used to achieve foreign policy aims

- Germany became a respectable member of the international community

- Some Germans regained confidence in the Weimar Constitution

- Troubled years over

- When Stresemann died all of his expertise and moderation was a severe blow to the Weimar Republic

-1926

- Germany were allowed onto the 'League of Nations Council' (League was made from ToV - accepting the ToV?) - International relations got better

Explosion in arts and literature

- The Wall Street Crash was the main reason for the Great Depression- Share prices were on a constant up and people worries that they would soon fall

- This meant that people worried and rushed to sell their shares

- People kept in selling their shares because their value dropped

- German and American banks reclaimed their loans they had lent to German businesses and this mean that factories closed and people lost their jobs

- Banks suffered huge losses in the Wall Street Crash

- German businesses and factories were forced to close

- Many German workers lost their jobs

- Unemployment benefits dropped

- Higher taxes

- People fell through the class system 

- 17 million people were claiming unemployment benefits

His father beat him

Incestuous relationship 

His father dies from a heart attack 

Was rejected from art school 

His mother died

- He was influenced by people in the streets / They blamed the Jews for everything

- Was homeless for a period / Grew up around a lot of cultures and religions 

- At the age of 21 he got his inheritance and joined the Bavarian Army

- He won the Iron Cross First Class and the prestigious Iron Cross Second Class during World War 1

- He were injured in a Mustard Gas attack and we in hospital for the end of the war

- When he heard the news that Germany had surrendered he was extremely angry because he, like other German soldiers, did not feel defeated

- After the war he worked as a spy for the German Government

- His job was to investigate political parties

- When spying on the DAP he liked their policies and joined

It was lead by Anton Drexler and when Hitler went to two meetings there were only 23 people there first and 40 there the second time.When he joined he was only the 17th member.

- Demanded that large industries share profits with workers

- Immigration for non

-Germans was to be stopped immediately

- Improvement to Old Age Pensions

- Only German citizens have the right to vote

- Demanded land for the growing population

- As political armies were allowed Hitler created the SA / They were just a group of thugs and only cared about getting revenge on the Weimar Republic

- The Nazi party had 50,000 member and was stronger than ever

- Weimar Republic was in a crisis and about to collapse

- Every nationalist was against the government after they called off a general strike

- Hitler had a huge army of Stormtroopers and had to give them something or he would lose control

- 8 November 1923 Hitler and 600 Stormtroopers charged into a Beer Hall and forced Kahr and Lossow to join the Rebellion

- The next day they hit the streets of Munich, they thought it would be a triumphant day where they march to power

- However, Kahr had called the police and army

- There was a short scuffle, 16 Nazis and 4 police were killed- Hitler was arrested two days later

- The Nazi Party was banned

- Hitler was sent to prison- Gave Hitler a chance to reorder the Nazi Party and he realised that they could not come to power through force

- Hitler used his trial as a propaganda exercise 

- Press coverage of trial raised profile of the Nazi party to a national level

- Nationalism, socialism and totalitarianism

- Traditional German values, struggle and 'racial purity'

- German self sufficient / not dependent on imports (AUTARKY)

- Purifying German race

- Expanding Germany's borders

- Control big businesses

- Strong family values

- Run economy in national interest

- All all German people to live together

- Believed that other races from places like Eastern Europe (like Slavs), Asia and from Africa were inferior races

- Führerprinzip- total loyalty to the leader / every aspect of society to benefit the German people- Clear male and female values

-Philipp Bouhler - Secretary

-Franz Schwartz - Treasurer

-Divided party into regions / run party across the country

-Befriended Germany's most wealthy businessmen / promised to abolish trade unions

-Received donations from giants of German industry - Thyssen/Krapp/Bosch

- Income helped expand the SA / by 1930 it had 400,000 members

- Hitler did not trust the SA / developed a dangerous loyalty to Ernst Röhm - commander / thugs - hard to control 

- 1925 - New party security group - Schutzstufe (protections squad) / **- Chauffeur/Bodyguard (Julius Schreck) then Heinrich Himmler (loyal supporter)

- The ** became famous and feared (black uniforms 1932)

- Scapegoat // Jews, communists and ToV signers (Armistice)- Speeches in 120 daily/weekly newspapers // 100,000s readers

- Aeroplanes 

- Public eye

- Radio, films and gramophone records (New tech)

- Clear image for the party

- Germany was doing very well under Stresemann and nearly all of Hitler's ideas suited an extreme situation 

-'However it gave time to reforms and the Nazi came back stronger than ever

July 1932 - the Nazis had 230 seats and were the biggest in the Reichstag

November 1932 - Nazis196 seats / Social Democrats 121 / Communists 100

- People lost money, jobs and houses / would provide them with jobs

- Extreme situation

- Weimar Government failed - unable to tackle unemployment

- Strong leader 

- Unite country 

- Restore social unrest 

- Scrap ToV

- Treat Germany fairly 

- Controls SA well

- Seems strong, organised, disciplined and reliable

- Control urest

- Stand up to foreign powers- Feelings of hope

- Disrupt opposition parties

- Intimidate voters

- Disrupt opposition rallies

- recover companies, saving and pensions

- protection against the communists

- self sufficient Germany

- protection against the communists

- Jewish land confiscated 

- gain sales

- keep business private

- funded Nazi party / trusted each other

- passionate speeches

- ambitions for the future- atmosphere at speeches

- passionate speeches

- ambitions for the future- atmosphere at speeches

- voting was good for families and the country

- want their children to have a good future

- traditional German values

- strong Germany- 'work and bread' posters

- 'German Workers Party'

March- Hindenburg 18m / Thalmann 5m / Hitler 11m April - Hindenburg 19.36m / Thalmann 3.7m / Hitler 13.4m

- Bruning was Chancellor but was removed by Von Schleicher though a coalition 

- Von Papen was made Chancellor in May / resigns in November

- Von Schleicher Chancellor 2 December / went to Hindenburg saying Von Papen and Hitler were conspiring against him and that he wanted to lead a military dictatorship / Hindenburg said no and he resigned

- Von Papen said that Hindenburg should make Hitler chancellor so he could get rid of the communists 

- Hitler would be 'in his pocket' if Von Papen was made the Vice Chancellor

- Hindenburg agreed and said ''it is my unpleasant duty to appoint this fellow Hitler as Chancellor''

- Got to power legally and democratically

-27/02/33 it was set alight

-Hitler consolidated power 

- imprison communist leaders (during the campaign) / allowed Nazis to say Germany was under threat from communism-Courts did not convict communist leaders (only van de Lube) so replaced them with 'Nazi People's Courts'

- Allowed Hitler to make laws without the involvement of the Reichstag

- SA pressured people to vote Nazi / detain people without trial / seize property / ban trade unions / kill communists / force immigrants to leave 

- Opened concentration camps

- 29/30 June 1934

- Destroyed the SA as Rohm had 2 million loyal soldiers and was a threat to Hitler's reign

- Not very important as Hitler was already in control but did allow him to become Fuhrer

- Army swear an oath of loyalty

- Not very important as Hitler was already in control but did allow him to become Fuhrer

- Army swear an oath of loyalty

- Himmler ran the **

- Gestapo were non-uniformed and arrested anyone who spoke out against Hitler / set up by Goering in 1933 but put under the ** in 1936

- ** set up in 1925 as bodyguards / murdered SA and told Hitler about Rohm / ran concentration camps / only Aryan

- Opened Dachau in 1933 / women opened at Morinen / 1939 - 20,000 people / mass murder after 1939 

- Judges were hand picked / Hitler ran courts / Hitler could increase any sentence

Most crimes carried death sentence

- Hitler was worshipped as a God / Concordat meant that Hitler could rule the country as long as he left Catholicism alone 

- ignored and priests were imprisoned / religious schools were stopped / Protestants supported Nazis 

- Nazi flags in churches

Pastor Neimoller led protestant resistance to Nazi regime

- No free press / journalists were briefed / only Nazi newspapers / burned 20,000 books (jewish, communist and anti-Nazi) / no modern art / every house was given a radio and had to listen

- Hitler / newspapers / radio / sport / film / art, literature 

- all controlled 

- Berlin 1936 Olympics (domination) / by 1939 70% had radios / iconic speeches / 200 propaganda films

- Bernard Rust - "the whole point of education is to create Nazis"

- Mein Kampf was a compulsory text / oath of loyalty to Hitler - 10yo / PE was ⅙ of school / classes were run on gender / Race Studies - taught Nazis were superior

- indoctrinated at home / 14 yo join youth SA (8 million) / Girls 

-League of German Maidens

- Hitler Youth

- Compulsory after 1933

- drank alcohol and danced Jazz / Edelweiss Pirates made slogans and beat up officials 

- killed Gestapo chief in 1944 (12 hanged)

- drank alcohol and danced Jazz / Edelweiss Pirates made slogans and beat up officials 

- killed Gestapo chief in 1944 (12 hanged)

- 3 k's - kinder, kuche, kirche (children, kitchen, church)

- 1933 Encouragement of Marriage 

- loan of 1000 marks if wives left work / Lebensborn (fountain of life) program took children to make 'genetically pure' children 

- 250 marks taken off loan for every child born

- Motherhood cross (given on Hitler's mother's birthday) - gold for 8 or more

Very little as the women knew they would be punished

Very little as the women knew they would be punished

- 1933 trade unions banned / DAF (German labour front) replaced trade unions / 6 hours a week increase in working hours

- Making soldier's uniforms / RAD (national labour service) / compulsory work - 1939 built 500,000 miles of road

- 3.5 bn to 26 bn (1939) in 6 years / steel and iron work treble / naval blockade / 100,000 to 900,000 (1939( in 6 years

- Wages rose by 20% - No trade unions / 42-49 hours a week / imports higher than exports / cheap cinema, sports events

Figures manipulated - part time workers classed as full time, women and jews not working

- Autobahn meant you could work across the country / beauty of labour 

- washing facilities and low cost canteens / debts were written off / if you weren't Aryan you suffered

- Sales rose by 45% / prices rose meaning wages rising was cancelled out /

- Shortages of lots of goods led to Ersatz goods

- Acorn coffee, rice lamb chops

- Goering 'guns not butter' - economy focused on rearmament

- 1933 boycott jewish businesses 

-1935 Nuremberg laws stated laws for Jews - no mixed marriage , right to vote or German citezens

-1938 a german embassy officer killed by a jewish youth - Kristallnacht 20,000 arrested, 100 killed and jews pay 1bn in damages 

- 1933 jews can't inherit land 

-1935 banned from restaurants 

-1938 identify cards and professionals can't work from Aryans 

-1939 jews evicted

- Forced out of homes - 'resettlement in the east'

- Disabled were 'allowed to die' 

- T4 euthanasia programme for disabled

-1933 sterilisation of mentally ill 

- 1933 gypsies arrested and put in concentration camps 

- 1935 laws against homosexuals / castrated / 60% died in concentration camps