Muscular system

Increased blood supply- Meets demand for O2 and glucose. Vasodilation. Removes CO2

Increased muscle temperature - fuel broken down for energy release creates heat as by product.

Increased muscle pliability- muscle warming = more piable / flexible muscles. Helps to reduce injury

Lactate build up - high intensity exercise = lactic acid by product. if not removed fatigue set in quickly

Micro tears - resistance training causes micro tears. eccentric contractions. protein helps repair

DOMS (delayed onset of muscle soreness) - pain 24-48 hrs after exercise, lasts upto 3 days, caused by micro tears

Hypertrophy - resistance training causes overload, muscle fibres grow, contract with greater force.

Increased tendon strength - fibrous connective tissue, increase in strength + flexibility via exercise.

Increased number + size mitochondria - increase in fibre size = more room = mitochondria increase in number, therefore more aerobic energy can be produced.

Increased myoglobin stores - binds and stores O2 in muscle cells, passes O2 to mitochondria = greater aerobic energy produced.

Increased glycogen storage - muscles store more glycogen, used as fuel, increased high intensity exercise duration.

Increased storage of fat - used as a fuel when O2 present, used when carbs are running out.

Increased tolerance to lactate - more efficient clear LA away quicker + get O2 to muscles greater number of capillaries help, delays fatigue

Smooth muscle

• walls of Stomach / intestines / blood vessels 
• involuntary

Cardiac muscle

• myocardium / walls of the heart 
• Non-fatiguing
• involuntary (contractions)
• only in the heart 

Skeletal muscle

• voluntary
• fatiguing

Cramp is:

• involuntary sustained skeletal muscular contraction / spasm
• prevents muscle movement
• occurs due to dehydration / lack of electrolytes / salt
• prevents performer from: running/kicking ball/throwing etc...

Age affects:

50 yrs old muscle mass starts to reduce, sarcopenia. Reduces muscle strength + power.

• Myoglobin carries oxygen
• therefore muscles increase their oxidative capacity
• muscles can work at higher intensity / longer duration 
• fatigue delayed / occur later in the game / be able to play until the end.

Upward Phase

• Pectoralis major (shoulder) agonist / Tricep (elbow) agonist / concentrically contract
• Trapezius/rhomboids + bicep antagonists / contract eccentrically
• Synergists support agonist / Deltoids synergists / concentrically contract
• Fixators prevent unwanted movement / Abdominals, obliques, quadriceps / fixator muscles contract isometrically

Downward Phase

• Pectoralis major (shoulder) agonist / Tricep (elbow) agonist / eccentrically contract
• Trapezius/rhomboids + bicep antagonists / contract concentrically
• Deltoids synergists and contract eccentrically
• Abdominals, obliques and quadriceps fixator muscles / contract isometrically

Agonist - contracts concentrically, AKA prime mover, initiates the movement

Antagonist - relaxes during movement, opposite muscle to agonist, eccentric contraction

Synergist - support to agonist, additional smaller smaller muscles, eccentric/concentric contraction

Fixator - contract isometrically, stabilising the (origin) of agonist/muscle, supports agonist to carry out movement, stops unwanted movement, stops weight from crashing down causing injury

Concentric - Increase of tension in the muscle + shortens in length (e.g. bicep curl - bicep - upward phase)

Eccentric - increase in tension + lengthening of muscle / breaking action (e.g. press up - tricep down phase)

Isometric - contraction no movement takes place + remains same length under tension (e.g. bicep curl - bicep when holding the weight with a bent elbow)

Pliability

• Muscles increase pliability due increased temperature
• muscle greater ability to stretch
• reduce risk of injury

Type 1

• utilise the aerobic energy system
• resistant to fatigue
• continuous contraction meets demands of longer events 

Type IIa

• fast contracting/they can produce great force
• work at a high intensity
• keep exercising fast / maintain + finish quicker

Type IIx

• Fast twitch glycolytic contract producing high force
• football for speed / power based movements e.g a shot / jumping for a header