Themes: moving from external to internal control and moving from actions based on objecctive consequences to judging on basis of intentions
Factors effecting morl development: Cognitive development, parents and equal status contact.
AO2-
Lickona-found a positive correlation between cognitive development and level of moral development.
Constanzo-6yr old didnt see intentions of an event but a 10yr old did see them.
Nelson- had 4 stories, and showed that 3yr old children could see intentions
His method was cognitively demanding
He had a Bias small sample
Walster-adults blame others for their mistakes even when they know its their fault.
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Kohlberg
AO1
3 levels - preconventional, conventional and post conventional.
Heinz Dilemma- DRUG
Peter, Really, Gets, Angry, Some, Evenings
Punishment, Rewards, GoodBoy/Girl, Authority, Social Contact, Ethical Principle
AO2
Alexeio and Norris- showed in convicted men from ages 16-21 they're moral reasoning was much lower so supports Kohlbergs stages of the ethical principle
Kohlbergs work has generated much more interest into this field
Walkers longitudinal study-37% of p's and 62% of kids progressed a stage after the 2yr period. 945 did not go back a stage.
Dilemma lacks ecological Validity
Gilligan says that he is bias against women
Turiel- development was gradual and not in distinct stages but people develope the domains-moral transgressions, breaches of convention, breaking of personal rules(Meg Took Baby Catherines Black Pony)
Moran and Joniak- Language ability may effect results as they cannot voice their opinions properly.
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Gilligan
AO1
Two orientations-morality of care and morality of justice
3 levels in MOC- self interest, self sacrifice and universal care
Gilligan interviewed 29 pregnant women facing dilemma of abortion.
AO2
Gilligan and Attanucci- 2hour interview, 35% of women in MOC and 2% of men in MOC, 65% men were in MOJ and 29% of women were in MOJ(sex differences)
Looked into women when Kohlberg ahd ignored them.
Dilemma was Ecologically Valid
Ethical manner, did not harm participants
Bias towards men as did not ask men in her dilemma their views
Walker found no differences in morality of men or women.
Jaffee and Hyde- 180 studies only showed a slight difference between men and women in the morality of care.
Most research has failed to illustrate her point.
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Eisenberg
AO1
5 stages- Hedonistic, Needs, Approval, Empathic and Strong Internalised Values
(Harriet Never Asks Emos Silly Things)Overall becoming less concerned about the self and start to gain a sense of responsibility.
Prosocial Dilemma-Girl fallen over on the way to a Party! Scores out of 16 on answer. Younger scored lower(put their own needs first) Older scored higher(thought of the girls needs)
AO2
First psychologist to look at prosocial behaviour
Gains validity as it looks at the idea that moral development is related to age.
Cross-cultural support-she believes that moral reasoning depends on the culture and context.(unlike kohlberg)
Dilemma not ecologically valid because it is hypothetical.
More descriptive than theoretical because there are no precise stages.
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Damon
AO1
Distributive justice-(dilemma about sharing candy bars in a group after selling pictures) younger kids focused on what they wanted, 5-7yr olds wanted to share equally, 7+ showed consideration of merit.
Three Levels-Personal Gain, Equality and Benevolence.
McGillicudy de Lisa- similar dilemma, results didnt change for neediness and no sex differences adn equality was most important.
AO2
Provided a clearer description of distribuitve justice than Piaget
Cross cultural research in Sweden and Zaire supports findings
Dilemma is ecologically valid as could happen to the children.
Didn't account for language skills as Damons method by interview was cognitively demanding
Paintings dilemma may not have predictive vaildity as does not reflect how children share in the real world.
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