Memory

?

Capacity of the STM

Jacobs - 9.3 items and 7.3 letters

Miller - 7-/+2 items and is increased by the use of chunking

Evaluation

  • Individual differences in age and ability to chunk
  • STM may be more limited and the lower end of Millers scale
  • The size of the chunk affects memory suggesting we have a better memory for smaller chunks
1 of 11

Duration of STM and LTM

STM - Peterson and Peterson of a constant syllable and three digit number

90% correct after 3 seconds, 20% after 9 and 2% after 18

LTM - Bahrick tested 50 year book photos

Free recall 48 years 30%, 15 years 60%

Face recognition 48 years 78%, 15 years 90%

Evaluation

  • Artifical due to the use of constant syllables
  • Duration of STM may be longer when auditory tones are used
2 of 11

Coding

Baddeley

Used acoustically similar words and semantically similar words

Found STM is acoustic

Found LTM is semantic

Evaluation

  • May not have tested LTM due to only waiting 20 minutes
  • STM can also use visual coding
  • LTM may store using deep or shallow processing
3 of 11

Multi Store Model of Memory

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Sensory Register, Attention, STM, Maintanance Reheasal, LTM, Retrevial

Evaluation

  • Brain scans show the pre-frontal cortex is active during STM
  • HM personality and intellect remained intact but couldn't form new LTMs
  • LTM maybe coded for by deep or shallow processing
4 of 11

The Working Model of Memory

Baddeley and Hitch

Central Executive, Phonological Loop (Inner ear and aticulatory loop), Visuo-spatial sketchpad (visual cache and inner scribe) and the Episodic Buffer

Evaluation

  • Studies prove dual task performance
  • Central executive is vague (EVR)
  • KF auditory problems support the single stores
5 of 11

Types of LTM

Episodic Memories - personal events of memories that contain emotional and contextual detail

Semantic Memories - facts and knowledge

Procedural Memories - how to complete a task

Evaluation

  • Hippocampus is active during episodic and temporal lobe in semantic
  • HM was able to draw a picture but couldn't remember doing it
  • LTM can be used to treat mild congnitve impairment
6 of 11

Interference

Proactive interference (learning of lists)

Retroactive interference (nonsense syllables with an interveining act before recall

Similarity of Test Materials

Real world study

Evaluation

  • Questions into whether interference is temporary
  • Issue with research due to the use of nonsense syllables
  • Individual differences of working memory
7 of 11

Retrieval Failure

Limited LTM, the Encoding Specificity Principle (present at the time of retrieval), Cues (Tulving and Pearlstone), Context dependant forgetting, State dependant forgetting

Evaluation

  • Real world applications of exams
  • Cues don't always work due to complex memory associations
  • It is impossible to test whether the memory has actually been encoded
8 of 11

Misleading Information

Loftus and Palmer (broken glass study)

Conformity effect

Repeat interviewing

Evaluation

  • Considerable support due to Disneyland
  • EWT may not be inaccurate and unrealiable
  • Individual differences
9 of 11

Anxiety

Johnson and Scott

Real life study in Sweden

Evaluation

  • Weapon focus could be more to do with suprise
  • Case studies don't create the real levels of anxiety
  • More accuracy in violent crimes
10 of 11

The Cognitve Interview

The Standard Police Interview

The Cognitive Interview (Mental reinstatment, Change the Order, Change the Perspective and Report Everything)

Evaluation

  • Research into the effectiveness by meta analysis
  • Mental reinstatement and Report everything make the CI more effective
  • Police need special training
11 of 11

Comments

No comments have yet been made

Similar Psychology resources:

See all Psychology resources »See all Memory resources »