Medicine and Health Through Time
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- Created by: S
- Created on: 25-11-12 14:38
Prehistoric Britain
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- High infant mortality
- Pregnancy and childbirth dangerous
- People generally fit due to lifestyle
- Good teeth due to no sugar in diet
- Osteoarthritis common
- Short lives (40 years)
- We use modern tribes to learn about Prehistory e.g. Aborigines/Native Americans
- Role of spirits, medicine men, charms and herbs
- Women generally treated the sick
- Basic surgery e.g. setting broken bones, trephining
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Ancient Egypt 3000BC-1000BC
- Trade – new ideas shared
- Writing – remedies recorded
- Religion – mummification
- The Nile and Farming – herbs and plants
- Specialist doctors used metal instruments
- Women still treated the sick
- The Channels of the body – logical cures
- Charms, temples, herbal remedies, hygiene and Gods
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Ancient Greece 1200BC-500BC
- Asclepius and the Asclepion
- Hippocrates and The Theory of the Four Humours à all fitted with the four elements/seasons
- Observation – looking for logical cures
- Doctors and women treated the sick
- Herbal remedies and better hygiene/diet
- Surgical instruments developed (iron and steel)
- Alexandria – sharing of medical knowledge
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Ancient Rome 600BC-500AD
- Strong centralised Govt and wealthy
- Army à surgery and hospitals/communication
- Doctors – Galen and Theory of Opposites
- Dissection in Alexandria and pig experiment
- Gods – Asclepius
- Promoted exercise and healthy living
- Public Health à water/toilets/sewers
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Middle Ages 500-1450
- Regression after fall of Roman Empire/chaos
- Church controlled knowledge of medicine and Galen’s ideas fitted in with God’s word
- Towns created health problems – very dirty
- Black Death – smells, humours, planets, God
- Medical schools/unis, urine charts, herbal remedies, basic surgery & hospitals, bleeding and midwives
- Public Health à butchery controlled, gutters, dirt removal, privies, wells away from cesspits, fines for litter dropping
- Ibn Sinna (Avicenna) and Rhazes and Arab medicine
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Renaissance 1450-1750
- Andreas Vesalius and anatomy (used artists for book after dissection questioned Galen!)
- Ambroise Pare and surgery (ligatures/herbs)
- William Harvey and circulation (capillaries)
- Paracelsus challenged Galen – disease outside
- Herbal remedies (Mildmay), blood letting, operations (war and Wiseman) & the King’s evil
- Plague à watchmen, searchers, no dogs, incubation
- Physicians, apothecary, surgeons, midwives (forceps), quacks, family and wise women
- Change and continuity
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Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
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- Impact of Industrial Revolution à urbanisation, political change, science, technology, entrepreneurs, war and communications
- Killer diseases à Cholera, TB, smallpox, Flu, measles, typhoid, diphtheria & whooping cough
- Edward Jenner and vaccination for smallpox
- Florence Nightingale and improved hospitals
- Doctors (stethoscope), dispensaries (Boots), domestic medicine, patent medicine (quacks/pills) and nursing (Elizabeth Garrett)
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Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
- Microscopes à germs
- Spontaneous generation Vs Pasteur’s Germ Theory 1850s
- Robert Koch 1860s – anthrax, staining and agar jelly
- France Vs Germany à more vaccines
- Magic Bullets 1890s (Behring and Ehrlich – Salvarsan and then sulphonamides and penicillin)
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Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
- Surgery à 3 x problems
- PAIN – 1799 Davy’s laughing gas,1846 Liston’s ether and 1857 Simpson’s choloform
- INFECTION – 1847 Semmelweiss ‘wash hands’, 1867 Lister’s aseptic surgery (carbolic spray) and 1894 rubber gloves
- BLOOD LOSS – failure to solve the issue of blood loss until 20th century
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Industrial Revolution 1750-1900
- Public Health à Laissez Faire then John Snow’s report on the Broad Street Pump 1854
- Edwin Chadwick – 1842 report recommending reforms e.g. slum clearance, sewers & medical officers
- 1848 Public Health Act – Board of Health but local changes voluntary so improvements slow
- 1875 Public Health Act – forced local councils to provide clean water, proper sewers and Medical Officers – why? Voters, education, leading cities, statistics, more cholera and science
- AND? 1802 on Factory Acts, 1852 compulsory vaccination, 1858 doctor’s qualifications, 1870 schools, 1876 Building/Food Regulations and laws against river pollution & 1889 Isolation Hospitals
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The Twentieth Century
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- Great War à x-rays (1895 Wilhelm Rontgen), homes for heroes, blood transfusion (1901 four blood groups) and plastic surgery
- Magic Bullets – 1906 Ehrlich’s Salvarsan 606 (syphilis), 1932 Domagk’s Prontosil (blood poisoning), discovery of sulphonamides (electron microscope 1931) and many new cures developed
- Penicillin 1928 Fleming, 1937 Chain and Florey, 1942 US/GB cooperate and in WWII used frequently
- Drug development – mistakes and advances (Thalidomide and genetic engineering)
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The Twentieth Century
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- Infant mortality decreased – charity, education, training for midwives, health visitors, slum clearance, free school meals, day nurseries, breast feeding and vaccinations
- WWII helped health – diet, evacuation, drugs, surgery, blood transfusions and the NHS
- What kills people today? Cancer, obesity, HIV/Aids, Heart Disease,
- Improvements in surgery – resources, teamwork, keyhole and micro-surgery
- Alternative medicine – acupuncture, homeopathy, hypnotherapy
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The Twentieth Century
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- The NHS à 1911 National Health Insurance
- 1930s Economic Depression people rely on cheap remedies
- 1939 Emergency Hospital Scheme
- 1942 Beveridge proposes NHS
- 5th July 1948 first day of NHS
- 1960s hospital building/restructuring
- 1970s campaigns against smoking
- 1990/91 Hospitals allowed to become Trusts (competition first introduced in 1989)
- 1992 five targets à heart disease, cancer, mental illness, HIV/Aids and accidents
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The Twentieth Century and Beyond
- Public Health à Home for Heroes, slum clearance, cleaner air, access to fresh water, safe sewage disposal, laws for safe working conditions, food labels, building regulations etc.
- Poverty à the developing world still suffers and is often exploited by the West
- The story of medicine continues – stem cell research, cloning etc.
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