Maths Rules and Equations

Multiplying numbers in standard form 

- Rearrange so powers of 10 are together 

-Multiply the number parts

-Add the Powers 

-Rewrite in standard form if neccessary 

Dividing numbers in standard form 

– Rearrange so powers of 10 are together 

- Divide the number parts 

- Subtract the powers

-Rewrite answer if necc.

√ab = √a x √b

√a/b = √a / √b

Rationalising the denominator 

Multiply the top and bottom of the fraction by the surd part in the denominator.

Write the difference between each term e.g 4 

Find the 0th term of the sequence

nth term= difference x n + zero term.

Look for the largest factor you can take out of every term in the expression if it is x(y -or+ z)

x^2 + bx + c - find tow numbers which add up to b that are the same as two numbers that multiply to c 

Both numbers are positive if b and c are positive

Bigger number is positive and the small number is negative if b is positive and c is negative

Smaller number is positive and the big number is positive if b is negative and c is positive

Both numbers are negative if b and c are negative 

if ax^2 + bx + c means on of the brackets must have one ax or  two numbers in front of x that multiply to a.

x^2-c means the equation must be (x-a) (x+a) Difference of two squares. 

If letters are on both sides of the equation - have to get it on one side - collect the like terms on one side.

If there are brackets within equations- multiply them out. 

Equations w/ fractions - Get rid of the fractions before solving – multiply all the terms by the lowest common multiple of the denominators ( Look over in book) 

Gradient - Change in y / change in x 

Y intercept-  use equation y=mx + c and gradient value to rearrange to find the intercept. 

Parralel lines have a gradient of 1; Perpendicular lines gradients multiply to -1 

They have a z axis (x, y, z)

To find missing co-ordinates look at x co-ordinate at face and the y and z co-ordinates of the line adjecent to the point. 

Letter appearing twice

- Group all terms with that letter on one side of the formula and all other terms on the other side 

- Factorise so the leeter only appears once 

- Divide everuthing in the bracket to get the letter on its own.

Open circle for < and > 

Closed circle for ≤ and ≥

On graphs  show x ≥2 by doing a solid line on x=2 and do an arrow in the right direction

y= k/x are reiprocal graphs

y=a^ x or y=a^-x are  Exponential graphs 

Algebraic solution

IF NECCESSARY, multiply equations so co-effecients of one unknown are the same 

Add/ subtract to eliminate unknown

Once one unknown found use subsititution 

Check the answer by substituting both values in the orignal equations.

ax^2 +bx+c = 0 - if not in this form, should rearrange before starting the calculating.

Factorise the left hand side to find the answers w/o a calculator 

when written as (x+p)^2 + q in completed square form. 

Use the formulae x^2 + 2bx + c = (x+b)^2 - b^2 + c

If there is x^2 or y^2 in a pair of simultaneous quations need to use Substitution of one equation into another to make one letter the subject. Then factorise to find solutions. Then subsitute to find unknown value.

There would also be 2 solutions 

A statement of proportionailty y is directly proportional to x  =   y=kx

k= constant of proportonality 

y is directly proportional to the square of x =    y= kx^2

y is directly proportional to the cube of x =   y= kx^3

y is directly proportional to the square root of x =  y= k√x

y is inversley proportional to x =  y= k/x

y is inversley proportional to the square of x =     y= k/ x^2 

y=f(x) + a     MOVE UP A UNITS 

y= f(x) - a   MOVE DOWN A UNITS 

y=f (x+a)    MOVE LEFT A UNITS 

y=f (x-a)   MOVE RIGHT A UNITS 

y= af(x)     STRETCH IN THE VERTICAL DIRECTION, SCALE FACTOR A (X VALUE STAYS THE

SAME)

y= f(ax)    STRETCH IN HOROZONTIAL DIRECTION, SCALE FACTOR 1/A (Y VALUE STAYS THE 

SAME) 

y= -f(x)  REFLECTION IN THE X AXIS 

y= f(–x)  REFLECTION IN THE Y AXIS 

Graphs of  y= cos x intercept at 1 and pass through x=0 at 90 and 270

Graphs of y= sin x intercept at 0 and pass through x= 0 at 180 and 360Sine graph 

Cosine graph

To add/ subtract algebaric fractions with diff denominators 

Find a common denominator;  Add or subtract the numerators; Don't change denominator and Simplify

To Multiply A fractions 

multiply numerators/ denominaters and Simplify 

To Divide A Fractions 

Change second fraction to be reciprocal; Change / to x; Multiply fractions and simplify.

Corresponding Angles are equal 

Alternate Angles are equal

Opposite Angles are equal 

Allied Angles add up to 180 

The Exterior angle of a triangle = sum of interior angles of other two vertices 

Opposite angles of a parallelogram are equal 

• Angles on a straight line add up to 180 
• Angles around a point add up to 360
• Opposite angles are equal 
• Corresponding angles are equal 
• Alternate angles are equal 
• Angles in a triangle add up to 180
• Angles in a quad. add up to 360
• Base angles of an isoceles triangle are equal.

n= number of sides

Sum of interior angles = 180 x (n–2)

Sum of exterior angles = 360 to find regular exterior angle 360/n

Area of a Triangle = 1/2 * b * h

Area of Parallelogram= bh

Area of a Trapezium = 1/2 (a+b) h 

To calculate areas and perimeters of more complicated shapes split them into parts.

Volume of a Cubiod = length x width x height 

Volume of a Prisim = area of cross section x length 

Surface area of shapes =  add together all the areas of faces. 

Circumference of a Circle- 2πr or πd

Area of a Circle- πr^2 

Volume of a Cylinder- πr^2h 

Surface Area of a Cylinder- 2πr^2 + 2πrh

x= angle; r= radius

Area of a sector= x/360 x πr^2

Arc length= x/360 x 2πr 

Rearrange first equation to find angle  

Cubiod-  length x width x height (lwd)

Pyramid 1/3 x area of base x vertical height (1/3 Ah)

Cone: 1/3 x area of base x vertical height (1/3 πr^2 h)

Sphere: 4/3 πr^3 

a^2 + b^2 = c^2   Must be a right angled triangle. c= hypotense 

Curved Surface Area of Cone= π x radius x slant height (πrl)

Whole Surface Area = πr^2 (area of base)+ πrl 

 Surface Area of a Sphere- 4πr^2

Surface Area of a Hemisphere (1/2 x 4πr^2)+πr^2 (area of base)

1km = 1000m   1m= 100cm  1cm= 10mm

1 tonne= 1000kg  1kg= 1000g  1g= 1000mg 

1 litre = 100cl  1000 litres= 1m^3  1cl= 100ml 

Metric Units      Imperial Units 

1kg                      2.2 pounds (lb)

1 litre                   1.75 pints 

4.5 litres              1 gallon 

8km                     5 miles 

30cm                   1 foot 

Area conversions 

1cm^2= 100mm^2

1m^2= 10,000cm^2 

1km^2= 1,000,000m^2 

Volume Conversions 

1cm^3 = 1000mm^3

1m^3 = 1,000,000cm^3

1 litre= 1000cm^3

1ml= 1cm^3 

Speed = distance/ time 

Distance = speed * time 

Time= Distance/ Speed 

Units = m/s (metres per second) kilometres per hour (km/h) and mph (miles per hour) DEPENDS ON WHAT YOU USE IN THE FORMULAE. 

Density = mass/ volume 

Volume= mass/ density 

Mass= Volume x Density 

Units of Density = g/cm^3 (grams per cubic centimetre); kg/m^3( kilograms per cubic metre) 

Congruent if they have exactly the same size and shape. To prove, show one of these conditions are true 

SSS (three sides are equal)

AAS( two angles and a corresponding side are equal )

SAS ( two sides and the included angle are equal)

RHS ( right angle, hypotenuse and a side are equal) 

All three angles are equal;

All three pairs of sides are in the same ratio

Two sides are in the same ratio and the included angle is equal

To Calculate a length  AB/FG= AE/FJ input values and rearrange to find answer 

Scale factor =k 

Enlarged surface area = k^2 x original surface area 

Enlarged volume = k^3 x original volume 

Enlarged mass = k^3 x original mass 

Construct a triangle-  Draw and label one side with a ruler, use a compass to find the other vertex by extending it to the size of the other sides.

Construct a angle bisector-  Mark two equal distanced from angle points on the arms. Then use arcs to find third point which equi-distant from these points 

Construct a perpindicular bisector- Use compass to draw intersecting arcs with centres A and B 

Construct a perpendicular line that passes through a certain point  Use compass to mark two points on the line equidistant from the point. widen compass and draw arcs with their centres at these points

Construct a perpendicular line that passes through a point off the line  Use compass to mark two points equidistant from P. Draw two arcs using this points 

Use Pythagoras to find the length of a line segment 

SOH CAH TOA 

sin x = opposite/ hypotenuse; cos x= adjecent / hypotenuse; tan x = opposite/ adjacent 

To find the size of an angle. Use tan/sin/cos ^–1 to get the angle on its own 

To find a length of another side in a right- angled triangle - you need to have the length of another side and the size of one of the acute angles. 

Subsititute it into the equation e.g sin40 = a/10  a=10 x sin40 = 6.43 cm 

d^2 = a^2 +b^2+c^2 

Area of triangle if you only have two sides and the angle between them = 1/2 ab sin C 

Area of segments= Area of whole sector – Area of triangle

Applies to any triangle. To find a missing side :

a/ sinA = b/ sinB = c/ sinC 

To find a missing angle:

sinA/ a =  sinB/ b = sinC/ c

To use this rule, must know either two angles and a side (ASA) or two sides and a non included angle (SSA)

Applies to any triangle To find a missing side: 

a^2 = b^2 + c^2 –2bc cos A 

To find a missing angle:

cos A = b^2 + c^2 –a2/ 2bc 

Use if you have two sides and the included angle to find a missing side or three sides and are looking for a missing angle.

Use sine when a problem involves two sides and two angles 

Use cosine when a problem involves three sides and one angle 

The angle between a radius and a tangent is 90 degress

Two tangents which meet at a point outside a circle are the same length

A triangle which has one vertex at the centre of the circle and two angles on the circumference is an ISOSCELES TRIANGLE. 

A perpendicular line from a chord to the centre of the circle bisects the chord.

The angle at the centre of the circle is twice the angle on the circumference 

Angles in the same segment are equal

The angle in a semicircle is 90 degrees

Opposite angles in a cyclic quadrilateral add up to 180 

Angle between a tangent and a chord is equal to the angle in the alternate segment - ALTERNATE SEGMENT THEOREM 

Add response boxes 

Don't ask embarrasing/ personal questions

Make sure response boxes are numerical and dont overlap 

Don't ask biased questions- Statement and response agree, disagree neither 

Data Collection sheets: Tally and Frequency columns 

The equation is( sample/ whole population) x amount of people from group 

e.g How many Year 7 boys will be sampled out of the population of 382 and a sample of 85

            Year 7

Boys       50                        85/382 * 50 = 11.12 -> 11 students 

Mean- Add up all the values; Divide by total number of values 

Median- Write the values smallest to largest; Count the number of values; Odd no is middle value, Even is half way between two middle values

Mode- Look for the mose common value 

To find the median: Find the total frequency; divide by two- that value is the median.

To calculate the mean: Multiply the frequency by the value. Add these together to find the total frequency. total value/ total frequency = mean 

If it has class interval values and it asks to calculate the mean - find the midpoint of the value and multiply that by the frequency.  

Interquartile range is between the Lower quartile(Q1)  and the Upper quartile (Q3). (Q3-Q1)

To find the Lower quartile n+1 /4  th value, n= number of data values 

To find the Upper quartile 3(n+1)/4 th value 

Plot the midpoints of each class interval

Draw points with straight lines 

Frequency Density = Frequency/ Class Width 

Vertical axis is labelled Frequency Density 

Area of each bar proportional to frequency

Plot 0 at the beginning 

Plot each value at the upper end of the class interval

Join points as a SMOOTH CURVE

Find Lower and upper quartile values by using the equations and looking where the value lies on the graph.

When comparing box plots use the range, interquartile range and the largest and smallest values and the median. It is always better to compare measures of spread rather than medians or end points.

Negative Correlation - Points almost on a negative straight line

Positive Correlation- Points almost on a positive straight line 

No Correlation - Completely random points. 

Lines of best fit- Straight line which is as close as possible to all points; X need to go thru 0,0 ; Drawn with a ruler; ignores isolated points.

HCF - all prime factors that are common in both numbers multiplied together

LCM multiply all prime factors from both numbers

a^m x a^n = a^m+n

a^m/ a^n = a^m-n

(a^m)^n= a^mn

a^0= 1

To divide fractions, turn the second fraction upside down and multiply the two fractions together

To convert the fraction into a decimal- divide the numerator by the denominator 

To convert recurring decimals into fractions - write decimal as 'n'  and multiply by ( 10 if one recurring digit; 100 if two recurring digits; 1000 if three recurring digit). Then subtract n and divide both sides by 9, 99 or 999 to get a fraction - simplify . IF there is one unrecurring digit e.g 0.4737373etc let 99n be 46.9 and multiply by ten to get 469/990

5 or more - round up

less than 5 - round down

to estimate - round to one sig figure 

                                Add            Subtract         Multiply         Divide 

Greatest value     UB+UB           UB–LB           UB*UB          UB/LB

Lowest Value       LB+ LB           LB–UB           LB*LB            LB/UB

LB= lower bound

UB= Upper bound

Find fraction of amount: e.g 2/5 of 90 - divide by denominater and multiply by numerator 90/5 =18*2= 36

Write one quantity as a percentage of another e.g 7 out of 20 - Divide first value by second then multiply by 100  7/20 * 100=35%

Find % of an amount  45% of 200 divide percentage by 100 then multiply by value 45/100 *200= 90 Without a calculator use multiples of 1% and 10%

% change : Find percentage of amount and subtract the decrease or find % of original amount e.g 280 is reduced by 25%   0.75 x 280= 210

Calculate increase/decrease Work out the amount of increase/decrease- write as a percentage of the original amount e.g 60 now 39,  60-39=21,   21/60= 35%

Reverse Percentage: Divide by the multipler e.g find orginal price of 132.88 before a 12% decrease 132.88/0.88

Compound Intrest: (starting amount) x (multiplier)^n  n= number of years 

a^–n = 1/ a^n 

a^–1 =1/a (reciprocal) 

(a/b)^n= a^n / b^n

(a/b)^–n = b^n / a^n (upside down and negative to positive power )

a^1/2 = 2√a  a^1/3 = 3√a

a^m/n= (a^1/n)^m