managing rural change
- Created by: charlie
- Created on: 12-04-14 17:19
factors influencing level of development ECONOMIC
LANGTON GROVE FARM, EYE,
- EU funding children's nursery in 1996 in disused farm buildings
- rural development grant from DEFRA
- building 'pets corner' + new swimming pool
- creation of 17 new jobs
- parents of 60 children went back to work (therefore contribute back to economy)
factors influencing level of development POLITICAL
city CURITIBA,
suffers from constant influx of migrants from rural - find hard to get jobs as no qualifications
APPROACH SCHEMES
- social workers offer migrants free bus journeys home
- eliminate countryside PUSH FACTORS (rural village programme)
RURAL VILLAGE PROGRAMME
- seasonal farm workers kept in countryside
- big areas of land bought + divided into 5000m2 plots
- 74,000 people (15,000 families) benefited
ESCOLA DO CAMPO
- school opened to give professional qualifications to young farmers to share with families
factors influencing level of development POLITICAL
RATE RELIEF (loacal services pay reduced rates)
ST EDMUNDSBURY
- 6 rural settlements targeted for rural growth
- receive up to 100% relief
- keep businesses open --> create sustainability --> attracting people
CAP of EU (subsidies for crops and livestock + coordinate local farming output)
REPLACED by single payment scheme for each hectare farmed
- Upper Wensleydale (£20-£40 per hect.)
- Lower Wensleydae (£210-£230 per hect.)
- allows greater fulfilment of demand --> economic developmet
- receduces intense farming --> higher quality produce --> sustainable farming
factors influencing level of development ENVIRO.
UPPER WENSLEYDALE
- isolated and remote
- closest supermarket 26km away
- poor climate - quality of land poor (steep slopes, acidic soils, hill sheep farming, high rainfall)
- unsuitable for economic deveopment - inconvenient A684 + Pennine hills
RESULTS
- ageing pop.
- economic decline
- number of telecottaging
factors influencing level of development SOCIAL
BORROWDALE VALLEY, CUMBRIA
OUTMIGRATION
- falling pop. / decline in threshold pop. / services close / spiral of decline
- ageing pop. / few economically active / dereliction
OXOFORD
INMIGRATION
- inc. due to transport development (park + ride) ideal for commuters
- retail developments: Oxford science park, hotels, conemas, bowls complex, leisure pool
negative decline DUFTON
FOOTHILLS OF PENNINES
- remote inaccessible
- 169 people
- 3 children with no school
- 1/3 second home ownership --> loss of community cohesion
- ageing pop.
SERVICE LOSS
- pub has diversified + amalgamated as post office closed --> also COTTAGES
positive growth TEMPLE SOWERBY
NEXT TO A66, 13KM FROM PENRITH
- rural-urban fringe
- 2006 by-pass opened --> traffic conjection dec.+ population inc.
- highly accessible
- commuter village
- money received from council --> EDUCATION + MEDICAL
- 6 daily buses
INCREASED SERVICES
- higher critical threshold --> rising house price / new housing estate
- range: hotel, inn, B&B, surgery ...
Allerdale district of Cumbria (Borrowdale and Derw
POP. DECLINE - Ageing 2001 (11 people aged 30) 2011 (14 aged 30 + 10 aged 64)
environmental
- isolated + poor accessibility (B5289 conjested with summer tourists + snow)
- cold climate (only pastoral sheep farming) + bare rock, thin soils, steep slopes
economic
- traditional outputs (pastoral, quarrying, forestry) declining + limited alternatives to TOURISM
social
- services falling (Critical thresholds not met) 1981-2006 83.3% decrease in post offices in Derwent + Cocker valley --> dec. in retailing --> dec. in jobs available --> social cohesion
HELP SCHEMES
- Allerdale borough council - inc. tax on 2nd homes by dec. council tax discount (50% - 10%)
- money used to reduce bus fares + support the market towns initiative
economic negative growth - OXFORD
rural-urban fringe
- pop. 150,000 / university town / hi-tech R+D / car maufacture
expansion rural-urban fringe CAUSE (EFFECT)
- housing development --> blackbird leys (people moveing in, lack of social cohesion, inc price)
- industrial parks --> Oxford sicence park (dec. farmland + less jobs for locals)
- recreation --> oxford United
- service --> oxford retail park (out-compete local serives + shops)
- transport development --> Park + ride
ISSUES
- loss of farmland / loss of recreational land / pressure on existing villages / economic change
environmental negative growth - the TRIMLEYS
WHY IS THERE A NEED?
- pop growth / inc. life / 2nd home inc. / 500,000 new homes built 2001-2021 / dock workers
ENVIRO IMPACTS
- inc. impermeable surfaces - inc. flood risk of RIVER ORWELL
- removal of veg. ---> soil erosion ---> water pollution
- pollutants from construction
- inc. traffic levels ---> inc. noise pollution
- greenfield sites used
MANAGEMENT
- permission only if studies on environmental impact given out
- inc. ransport to reduce traffic
- landscape improvements + enriched habitats reduce flooding + counteract gree space lost
DIFFICULTIES - dvelopment out of proportion / rural character lost / limit greenfield space
agricultural practice change EAST ANGLIA
- during 1970's - 1980's EU's CAP gave farmers incentives to increase yield of arable crops
- INTENSIFICATION used to reach goals + AMALGAMATIONS of small farms to inc efficiency
- loss of woodland + hedgerows + water pollution
environmental impacts - EUTROPHICATION + decrease in BIODIVERSITY
- SOIL EROSION, DERELICTION + increase in farm buildings leads to OVERLAND FLOODING
management by agri-environemental policies
- environmentally sensitive areas (ESA's)-farmers agree to farm in sensitive way + receive grants
- envrionemental stewardship (ES) - replaced ESA's + funded farmers if delivered effective envrionemental management
- diversification grants (avg . £10,000 per farm) area payments - dec. intensification (per Ha)
- custodians of landscape - protect / conserve landscape
management problems - farmer income + output reduced / only flat-rate payment
traffic problems A140 NORWICH - IPSWICH
- links two counties together (90km carriageway + 3km of duel carriageway)
increase in traffic:
- lorries (15%) due to conainerisation of felixstowe 1970's-80's
- tourism (norfolk broads) + farming traffice
enviro, econ + social problems
- air + noise pollution / habitat loss, roads run pass resident housing dec in house pricing
managament
- Brome (3 cameras since 2009 with 9 deaths)
- Harford park + ride reduces traffic numbers
- Suffolk c.c intriduce mini bus scheme to rural villages +
- Long Stratton 30mph speed limit with double yellow lines
problems with management (cross-council management needed)
- lack of funding / norfolk c.c took over bypass management + hasnt been built / little space
recreation, leisure + tourism NORFOLK BROADS
why has toursim / recreation grown? (rural tourism has offered £3.5 Bn to EA economy)
- open landscapes + woodlands provide rich wildlife habitat
- 100's of nature reserves + SSSI's
- historic heritage - framlingham castle / sutton hoo
environemental impacts
- water pollution / habitat loss / land erosion / hedgerow removal
management
- CAP + agri-environemental policies + extra payments to farmers (ESA's / ES' / custodians)
- Boards authority try to reduce salt water incursions
- 2+ M visitors (encouraged + informed) / 5-9 km speed restrictions / 1988 conservation status
problems with managements
- inc. number of boats inc. pollution + habitat loss + erosion
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