Major extrusive volcanic features

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Fissure

Constructive

Basaltic

gently sloping sides, only a few meters wide but many kilometers long

can create lava plateaus as it spills onto the surface

-Iceland, north american and eurasian plates, mid altantic ridge

-laki 1783/4   50% of the livestock died and 25% of the population died as well as due to widespread famine. 14km long

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Ash-Cinder cone

Destructive

Andesitic/Rhyolitic

Steep sides

a result of a volcanic eruption of ash and lava solidifying along the sides in alternating bands

gas filled volcanoes erupt and lava breaks into fragments

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Dome

Destructive

Rhyolitic

Steep sloping sides

extremely viscous lava builds up around the central vent

pyroclastic flow, nuées ardentes

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Caldera

Destructive

Andesitic/Rhyolitic

a result of an explosive eruption emptying the magma chamber and blowing off the caldera summit. the sides collapse inwards creating a large crater

-Yellowstone National Park, USA

3 calderas formed over 2.1m years, the most recent was 640,000 years ago =Lava Creek

lava creek  spewedd up 240 cubic miles of ash dust and rock into the air

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Shield

Constructive Oceanic/Oceanic  / Hotspots

Basaltic

Wide base and gently sloping sides

frequent but gentle eruptions

-Kilauea, Hawaiian islands. longest period of flow 31/01/83  = 3.5km cubed of lava resurfaced 123.2km cubed of land.

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Composite Cone

Destructive Oceanic/Construcitve

Andesitic/Rhyolitic

Alternating bands of ash and lava

lots of lapilli, bombs, volatiles

very steep sides and extremely tall, secondary vents and fissures

-Mt Vesuvius, Campania, Italy

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Classification Of Volcanoes

Gentle to most explosive

Fissure                  B

Hawaiian               B

Strombolian          Thicker B

Vulcanian             Thicker B, A + R

Vesuvian              Thicker B, A + R

Peléean                A + R

Plinian                  R

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