Language and Power

Influential vs Instrumental:

• Influential - power to persuade someone e.g. persuading a friend, celebs in ads
• Instrumental - power to make somebody do something, even if they don't really want to e.g. police officer / boss

4 more types:

• Practical power: physical actions, violence, skills, money, goods, services, objects
• Position power: position in society or at work or any other hierarchal system
• Personal power: personality, nurturing, caring
• Knowledge and ideas power: ... self explanatory

• Quantity: give as much detail as necessary with out giving more than was asked for
• Quality: be truthful and do not give information which you doubt or do not have evidence for
• Manner: be polite, be orderly
• Relevance: what you say should be relevant to the conversation

• Tact: minimise expression of cost to other e.g. 'can I talk to you for a second?'
• Generosity: minimise expression of benefit to self, maximise expression of cost to self, focuses on speaker putting others before themselves e.g. 'you relax I'll do all the dishes'
• Approbation: maximises expression of praising other e.g. 'you were great at kareoke'
• Modesty: minimise praise and maximise dispraise of self e.g. 'I'm so stupid I forgot your book'
• Agreement: minimise expression of disagreement, maximise agreement 
• Sympathy: minimise antipathy, maximise sympathy. This can include congratulations, commiserations and condolonces.

Negative politeness focuses on the speaker's negative face: the desire not to be impeded upon. Britain is a culture that stresses negative politness. Features often include:

• Hedges
• Modal auxiliaries
• Questions
• First person plural pronouns
• Pessimism
• Apologies

Positive politeness focuses on the speaker's positive face: the desire to be liked. Features often include:

• Compliments
• Jokes
• In-group markers such as 'mate'
• Exaggerated interest
• Optimism
• Agreement

Bald on record: no regard for another's face (how they want to be perceived) and not trying to avoid a face threatening act

Addressing mass audiences as if they were individuals through inclusive language, normally pronouns such as second person pronouns or first person plural pronouns.