Language & Gender ~ Thoeries Theorists and their theories 0.0 / 5HideShow resource informationEnglish LanguageLanguage and genderASAQACreated by: BlessismynameCreated on: 01-05-14 10:31 Sarah Mills (examples in bold) Examined lexical pairs and noted how male terms had possitive attributes Lord + Lady Many female equivalents are marked as indicative of sexual promiscuity Stud vs Tart Semantic deterioration Lady >> cleaning lady, dinner lady Queen >> drama queen Lord remains the same 1 of 11 Julia Stanley (1973) Marked inequality for words mistress vs master spinster vs bachelor More sexually promiscuous words used for women b*tch sl*t sl*g wh*re Women occupy negative semantic space due to marked terms spinster mistress ms lady 2 of 11 Janet Holmes (1992) Animal imagery used to describe men suggests they're strong & brave, women = sweet or sexual or bad honey sugar cupcake Examined use of tag questions They may not necessarily be a sign of uncertainty In some cases tag questions can be a way of maintaning discussion or being polite 3 of 11 Peter Trudgill (1974) Focused on phonological and grammatical variation Men use more non - standard pronunciation and attached a form of high status to non - standard forms 'Covert Prestige' 4 of 11 Jenny Cheshire (1974) Focused on phonological and grammatical variation similar findings to Trudgill Chesire explained these due to male show of linguistic and social solidarity 5 of 11 Jennifer Coates (1989) - all female conversation Examined epistemic model forms such as 'perhaps', 'sort of', 'probably' Women seemed to use these forms to avoid face threatening acts when talkingto other females Seen as sign of female cooperation and speaker support 6 of 11 William O. Barr and Bowman Atkins Linguistic study of language used in a courtroom Men from lower class backgrounds used similar features to those identified by LAKOOF Features of uncertain speech mere more dependent on power relations than gender. 7 of 11 Dominance Approach Zimmerman & West (1975) 96% of interruptions in mixed sex conversations made by men women = restricted linguistic freedom men = impose dominant status through applying explicit contraints in conversations women ≠ men ~ conversational rights Parents -> interrupted & assumed power in interactions in same way men do in mixed talk 8 of 11 Difference Approach idea men + women have different ways of talking in single sex conversations men & women -> different sub-cultures & different attitudes to types of talk = cultural differences & pressures Strengths = focus of linguisitic achievements of women little focus on dominance of men 9 of 11 Difference Approach (Part II) Jennifer Coates (1989) All female talk is cooperative speakers help negotiate discussions and support each other Jane Pilkington (1992) all - female talk more cooperative than male talk women aimed for more positive politeness stategies whereas men were less complimentary and supportive in all- male talk 10 of 11 Difference Approach (Part III) Koenraad Kuiper (1991) Men in all-male talk (members of a rugby team pay less attention to saving face use insults as way of expressing solidarity Deborah Tannen (1990) Used Difference Approach to examine mixed-sex talk outlined six main differences between male and female talk male / female status / support idenpendence / intimacy adive / understanding information / feelings orders / proposals conflict / compromise see http://www.universalteacher.org.uk/lang/gender.htm#tannen/ 11 of 11
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