Language
- Created by: Philosophy Emma
- Created on: 28-11-19 18:32
Phoneme
the smallest unit that can distinguish one word from another
Allophones
a set of multiple possible spoken sounds, or phones, or signs used to pronounce a single phoneme in a particular language
Cooing
Single vowel sounds, occur at 2 months
Babbling
Consonant vowel pairs like ba, da, occur at 3-4 months
Reduplicated babbling
Repeating consonant vowel pairs, like baba, occurs at 6 months
Non-reduplicated babbling
Babbling that reflects sounds and intonations of mother tongue, occurs at 7-10 months
Holophrases
Pre-linguistic use of a single word to express a complex idea, occur at 12-18 months
Telegraphic speech
speech during the two-word stage of language acquisition in children, which is laconic and efficient, occurs at 18-24 months
Basic-level words
Words that denote the whole, such as dog, the ones we learn first
Superordinates
Above basic-level words, categories such as animal, the words we learn secondly
Subordinates
Categories within basic-level words, like beagle
Overextension
When specific names are treated as basic-level terms
Fast-mapping
Used by two-year-olds and enables them to learn a word after one exposure
Over-regularisation
occurs when children extend a regular rule to an irregular word
Simultaneous bilingualism
Learning two languages from birth
Sequential bilingualism
Learning a second language later
Can be early or late sequentialism depending on when in life you learn the new language
Manual babbling
When deaf babies "babble" signs with their hands
Nicaraguan sign language
first language without a model
No deaf community in Nicaragua before 1970s, they used homesign of which every household had a different one
Late 70s/early 80s deaf schools first opened and homesign systems converged into early sign language
Over generations, children started adding to the complexity of the language
The most fluent signers are the youngest
The sign language evolved from gestural (pantomimes) to combinatorial system, combining components of a sign
Homesign systems
Homesign are the signs used within families with deaf members to communicate between family members
Combinatorial system
Combining components of a sign
Bedouin sign language
The Al-Sayyid Bedouin group, a community of 3500 in Israel
High population of deaf people, most people can sign even when hearing
Has been around 70 years, around three generations
Less grammatically complex than Nicaraguan, because NSL is passed to a new cohort of 15-20 learners each year, which approximates a 20-year Al-Sayyid Bedouin Sign Language generation
Genie
was found at 14 years old, abused by her father, was tied to a chair and only barked and growled at, has semantic understanding but never developed syntactic competency or ability to use function words correctly
Isabella
found age 6, had no language and cognitive development below 2-year old level, her mother was deaf and had never spoken to her, within a year she spoke nearly as well as other 7-year olds of normal intelligence
Critical period
A time period when you need some language input to be able to develop normal speech
Language acquisition device
an innate system that permits them, once they have acquired sufficient vocabulary, to combine words into grammatically consistent, novel utterances and to understand the meaning of sentences they hear
Universal grammar
a built-in storehouse of rules common to all languages
Linguistic determinism hypothesis
language shapes the nature of thought
Language structure determines how you see things and think
Linguistic relativity hypothesis
language may influence the way we think and perceive
A milder form
Sapir-Whorf hypothesis
Strong form: Linguistic determinism hypothesis
Weak form: Linguistic relativity hypothesis
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