Nature: Plomin (1994) stated that the heritability coefficient is used to assess heredity. It is a numerical figure which indicates the extent to which a characteristic has a genetic basis.
Nurture: Richard Lerner (1986) has indentified different levels of the environment which may be defined in quite narrow pre-natal terms such as the mother's physical and psychological state during pregnancy, or more general through post-natal experiences such as the social conditions the child grows up in and the cultural and historical context they are a part of.
Interactionist approach: Belsky and Rovine (1987) stated that attachment patterns between an infant and its parents are often the result of a 'two-way street' where the childs innate temperament will influence the way its parents respond to it - and their responses will in turn affect the child's behaviour.
Epigenetics: Dias and Ressler (2014) gave lab mice electric shocks every time they were exposed to the smell of acetophenone, a chemical used in perfume. The mice showed fear as soon as the scent was presented and the rats children and grandchildren also feared the smell - even though they had not been exposed to acetophenone or shocks.
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