Although many Medieval doctors continued to believe in the theory of the four humours they also said disease was caused by demons, sin, bad smells, astrology and the stars, stagnant water, the Jewish people.
Ultimately, they believed that life was controlled by God and his saints, and a plague such as the Black Death was seen as a punishment from God. Guy de Chauliac, the Pope's doctor, blamed the Black Death on a conjunction of Saturn, Jupiter and Mars.
Later, Muslim doctors such as Avenzoar and Ibn an Nafis actually began to challenge errors and to develop new ideas. However because the Christian Church was at war with Islam, Muslim ideas spread only slowly to western Europe.
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