International Relations
History Resit- 14th June 2011
- Created by: gemma
- Created on: 05-06-11 20:39
Why did war break out???
Wall Street Crash
- World went into economic depression after america in 1929
"America sneezes the world catches a cold"
- Trade badly hit
-Loans=recalled
-SPIRAL OF DEPRESSION
-Countries become self-interested
Failure of the league- Manchurian Crisis
- Depression hit Japan hard
- Main export= silk- people couldnt afford this
- Wanted to expand Colonies
- Excuse= railway line leading to Manchuria
- Railway=sabotaged- use this as the excuse to attack Manchuckno- nickname
- China wants help- go to LON- league in a tricky position
-Britain and France cannot afford to go to battle
- LYTTON REPORT- took a year- japan was in the wrong
- Japan leaves LON and invade Jehol
Failure of the league- Abyssinian Crisis
-Mussolini wants an empire- Abyssinia equals perfect target
-December 1934- 30 italian solidiers killed- uses this as an excuse to invade
-Britain and France unwilling to offend Mussolini- may become an ally with Germany
-THE STRESSA FRONT- agreement against germany between Br. F. and It.
-Mussolini planning attack behind LON of Abyssinia
- Haile Selassie needs help- in charge of Abyssinia- appeals to LON
- LON imposes economic sanctions and a ban on arms sales- didnt want to provoke a war
-HOARE LAVAL PACT- between Br. F. and It.- Mussolini to have 2/3 of abyssinia if he stops fighting
- 2 monthis later LON imposes ban on sale of oil to italy- to late- Mussolini already had most of Abyssinia
Failure of the league- Results
Manchuria- LON proves to be inefective and powerless
Manchuria- LON would not act
Manchuria- Big countries were too powerful to be stopped
Manchuria- Britain and France cannot act as the big power in the LON
Abyssinia- LON thoroughly discredited
Abyssinia- Britain and Frances plan didnt work as Germany and Italy signed ROME BERLIN AXIS 1936
Germany and the Treaty of Versailles
- Actions carried out by the TOV to Germany- Reperations (£6,600 million)- army reduced to 100,00 men- navy was cut- land taken- Rhineland demilitarised- made to take full blame for the war
-This caused- resntment- humiliation- anger- call for revenge- growth of extremist groups]
- Jan 1933 Hitler promises to- destroy the TOV- make germany great again- defeat communisim
- what he did to the TOV- made his army bigger (introduced conscription) 1933- remilitarilised Rhineland 1936- showed power of his weapons (spanish civil war 1936-38)- ANSCHULUSS with austria 1938- Sudetenland 1938- took more of Czechoslovakia- invaded poland which lead to war
Appeasment/Anschuluss
- Britain and France started a policy to make sure there was no war
- Hitler thinks its a weakness- Britain and France would not stop him
- Sees LON as weak- he was a oppurtunist
- Union with Austria=major goal
-Schuschnigg wants to keep germans out of austria- hitler demands anschuluss- Schuschnigg calls plebiscite
- 99.75% vote for hitler- CLEARLY FIXED
-Schuschnigg resigned in protest
-RESULT- No action from Br. and Fr. AGAIN- Britain still unprepared for war- Hitler has free reign to continue his policy of LEBENSRAUM
Sudetenland
- 3 million german speakers
-Economically and militarily strong and has good resources- good for Hitler
-Benes refused concessions from hitler
- Chamberlain said that majority of Sudetenland could go to germany but hitler changed his mind and wanted it all
- MUNICH AGREEMENT- agrees sudetenland to go to germany and Czech borders
-Benes resigns in disgust- he was not at the meeting yet ther land was been given away
-30th September 1938 Anlo-German Decleration-'peace of our time' - Chamberlain and Hitler
Road to war
-Hitler ordered troops into Bohemia and Moravia- shouldn’t have- they were protected by the Munich agreement
- Chamberlain knew Hitler couldn’t be trusted- appeasement was dead
- 31st March Br. and Fr. promised Poland they would protect them- wanted to help the USSR as well but Stalin did not trust them
- 23rd August 1939 Hitler and Stalin sign NAZI SOVIET PACT- promised not to fight and secretly divide Poland- Hitler now has a war on two fronts and USSR were preparing for war
- September 1st 1939 Germany invades Poland- Hitler doesn’t think Br. and Fr. will react- they do - September 17th USSR invades Poland
- September 3rd war is declared
How did the Cold War Develop?
What was the cold war?
-After WW2
-America and Russia very suspicious of each other
-War break out between them????
-Arms race- kept building up their supply of weapons
-Alliances with other countries to be spies
-Propaganda to persuade their citizens that the others were a threat- taxes were needed to be spent on arms
When did the cold war begin?
-Grand Alliance between Britain, France, America and Russia
- Formed to defeat Hitler
-Towards end of the war would meet to decide what would happen to Hitler once defeated
-Three conferences
Tehran Conference (1943)
-Big three- Churchill, Roosevelt and Stalin
- Agreed Russia to have own Sphere of Influence in Europe
-Couldn’t agree to what would happen to Germany after the war
-Stalin- Germany to pay reparations and give up land
-Churchill and Roosevelt- Germany allowed to recover
Yalta Conference (1945)
-Big three agreed after the war
-Communist government in Poland -UN to be set up -Democracy in Europe
-couldn’t agree as to what democracy was
-Roosevelt and Stalin=happy
- Roosevelt dies 2 months after this and is replace with Truman- Truman does not get on well with Stalin
Potsdam Conference (1945)
-Big three agreed -ban the Nazis and to put any surviving on trial -reduce the size of Germany -Germany to be divided into 4 zones between Rus. Fr. Am. Br.
-Americans were secretly testing the atomic bomb
-Truman arrogant at the conference because of this???
-Grand alliance= beginning to crumble
Why did the cold war begin:Fear of war
-Europe becoming divided- Communism in the east- Capitalism in the west
-Churchill- IRON CURTAIN splitting Europe
-America and Russia using spies to see what was happening- reported back in telegrams
-THE LONG TELEGRAM- Stalin building weapons and calling for destruction of Capitalism
-NOVIKOVS TELEGRAM- America was getting ready for war with Russia
-Suspicion on both sides
Truman Doctrine (1947)
- Truman said the spread opf communisim must stop- CONTAINMENT
- Would send money and troops to any government that felt threatened by Communisim
-America to be the "police men of the world" not the UN
- Could the division become even more rigid??
Marshall Plan (1947)
- America would help countries who were under the threat of communisim
-would use force or give money to countries
-promised to help countries to recover from the war
- Countires had to trade with America
-16 countries accepted including Br. and Fr.
- Those in Russias sphere of influence declined
-Split between east and west= growing
Satellite states: what?
- independent countries
- Czechoslovakia
- Hungary
-Poland
- In russias sphere of influence
Satellite states: why??
- America was "buying" the west
-Stalin wanted to extend his control in the east
What was Cominform: the communist information bure
-Brought the communist party together in Europe
-Encouraged to reject Marshall aid and go on strike IF NECCESARY
-Used to spy on people- those in governement especially- EASTERN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES
-Those who were not "loyal" to Stalin were put in prison
- Helped to stamp out any opposition to europe in Eastern Europe
Comecon
- Stalins answer to Marshall Aid
- Economic development in eastern europe
-Stop trade with West Europe and America
The "two camps"
- Potsdam conference- Europe divided intoo two camps
- MARSHALL AID for the WEST
- COMINFORM AND COMICON for the EAST
- Division= GROWING
Why did the allies agree after WW2
- What should happen to Germany after the war????
- Split into 4 Zones- BRITISH AMERICAN FRENCH AND RUSSIAN
- BR. FR. set up new gov. in WEST GERMANY with new money DEUTSCHMARK
- Stalin= not happy- America was to involved in Germany especially in the west (richest part)
- worried that americans would use this as a base to attack russia
Berlin Blockade (1948-49)
- Stalin set it up around west Berlin
-Aim was to try and stop the formation of a seperate state in west Germany
- TRUMAN responds with BERLIN AIRLIFT
- Br. and Am. flew supplies and food into Berlin
- BLOCKADE= FAILED
-1949- seperate states formed- WEST GERMANY and EAST GERMANY
NATO
- Alliance between America and other western european countries
- Agreed to defend any members if attacked
- Intended as defence against Russia
-BIG EVENT IN COLD WAR
- MARSHALL PLAN- alliance based on traiding
- NATO- military alliance- brought war closer
- Russias response= WARSAW PACT- military alliance between Russia and Eastern European Countries
Arms Race
- America and Russia building up their armies, navies and air forces
- USA developed ATOMIC BOMB- 4 years later russia did
-USA developed a HYDROGEN BOMB- russia caught up and developed one
SIGNIFICANT!!!! IT PREVENTED WAR IN EUROPE
Hungary under Stalin
- One of the SATELLITE STATES
- 1949 COMINFORM imposed opreesive (removal of freedoms) gov. on Hun.
- Raw materials and food sent to Russia
- Only political party allowed= COMMUNISIM
- Russia controlled them
- Protestors= arrested
Matayas Rakosi
- Russians appointed him dictator of Hungary
-"BALD BUTCHER"
-"SALAMI TACTICS"- dealt with opposition
- got rid of opponents "SLICE BY SLICE"
- 387,000 people in PRISON
- 2,000 people EXECUTED
De-Stalinisation
- Dies in 1953
- 20 million people killed to ensure opposition to Russia and communsim didnt succeed
-NIKITA KHRUSHCHEV- next Russian leader
- SECRET SPEECH to move away from Stalins way of ruling
Nagys programme of reforms (the hungarian uprising
- SECRET SPEECH leaked out
- Riots in Hungary and Russian troops= attacked
- Hungarians wanted to be from Russians rule
- KHRUSHCHEV appoint new leader to bring in reforms- IMRE NAGY
- NAGY- Hungary to leave the warsaw pact and be neutral- alliance with russia to end
- KHRUSHCHEV thinks this too far- would other countries follow what he was doing??
-Sent troops into Hungary- 2 weeks of fighting- Nagys government= crushed
- Nagy- arrested and hung- replaced with JANOS KADAR-helped to re-establish russian control
- America offered money to help NAGY but not military support
-Eisenhower- scared of a NUCLEAR WAR
Three Cold war crises: Berlin, Cuba and Czechoslovakia
The Berlin Crisis: refugee crisis
- east germany wants to move to west germany- better q of l.
- EAST BERLIN- WEST BERLIN- WEST GERMANY (route)
- looked bad for Russia- made communisim seem unpopoular
-KHRUSHCHEV tries to solve this problem by saying all of Berlin is East germany's
- gives Americans 6 MONTHS to GET OUT
-four meeting held to try and sort this out without goin to war
- KHRUSHCHEV and EISENHOWER meet in GENEVA 1959
- CAMP DAVID (USA)
- KHRUSHCHEV AND JFK- PARIS 1960
- 1961- GENEVA KHRUSCHEV tells KENNEDY to get out or WAR
Berlin crisis: Kennedy prepares for war
- Refuses to pull troops out of berlin
- starts to build up forces and built nuclear fallout sheltersin American cities
- America has 20x more nuclear weapons than Russia
- there weapons could reach Russia- Russians could not reach america
-Khrushchev needs a better plan
Berlin crisis: the berlin wall
- 12th August 1961- barbed wire fence around Berlin
- Later becomes a wall
IMPACT:
-Stopped east germans escaping to the west
- Khrushchev able to stand up to america without a war
- Symbol of the division of the East and the West
-Kennedy unable to stop the wall being built
-1963 visits west berlin to show his support for berliners
Cuban Misile crisis: arms race
- America has 20x more nuclear bombs than russia
- B52 BOMBERS- could drop bombs on Russia
- Russians developing space technology- first man made satellite- SPUTNIK 1
- Americans worried- could this be used to attack the USA???
Cuban Misile crisis: cuban revolution
- Cuba- 90 miles aways from america
- Revolution led by FIDEL CASTRO 1959
-Did not want to have so much american influence in Cuba
- Bought american property
-America's response- ban the import of cuban sugar- BAD this was cubas main export
- CASTRO goes to KHRUSHCHEV for help
- Russia gives them economic aid
Cuban Misile crisis: bay of pigs incident
- JFK tries to overthrow Cubas gov.
- America trains some cuban exiles who launched an INVASION in 1961 at the BAY OF PIGS
- Cubans resisted- the invasion attempt failed
- CASTRO fears another invasion- KHRUSHCHEV to help
- NUCLEAR MISSILES on CUBA- would stop america from invading
- RUSSIA can now drop bombs on AMERICA!!!
Cuban Misile crisis: thirteen days
- SEPTEMBER 1962- KHRUSHCHEV "secretly" places missiles on Cuban soil
- OCTOBER 1962- America finds out what is goin on
- next 13 days- "world held its breath"
- on the brink of WW3
- after 13 days they come to a deal
- Russia would remove its missiles to america if america promised not to invade cuba and move their missiles from turkey
Cuban Misile crisis: Consequences
1/. Kruschev seemed to have given in to Kennedy- lost some authority
2/. Direct hotline set up between America and Russia to make communication easier
3/. Both agreed to limit their testing of nuclear weapons
4/. Both agreed to cooperate in the future- "detente"
5/. Russia caught up with America in nmbers of nuclear weapons
6/. France left NATO and develops their own nuclear weapons- do not want to be caught up in the war between Russia and America
Czechoslovakia- Prauge Spring: Liberalisation
- Cz. was a Russian satellite state
- Economy in a bad shape
- Ciriticism of gov. dealt with severley
- 1968 Alexamder Dubeck becomes leader- communist- personal friend of BREZHNEV
- wanted to give Czech people more freedom
Czechoslovakia- Prauge Spring:Events
- introduced
Czechoslovakia- Prauge Spring: Brezhnev Doctrine
Czechoslovakia- Prauge Spring: International React
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