Infection and Repsonse

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Communicable Disease

PATHOGENS - MICROORGANISMS that ENTER the BODY and (CAUSE) DISEASE                       They (CAUSE) COMMUNICABLE (INFECTIOUS) DISEASES  - DISEASES that (SPREAD)          BOTH (PLANTS & ANIMALS) can be INFECTED by PATHOGENS 

TYPES OF PATHOGENS

  • BACTERIA , VIRUSES , PROTISTS , FUNGI

HOW PATHOGENS SPREAD

WATER - CAN be PICKED UP by (DRINKING & BATHING) in DIRTY WATER

AIR - CAN be CARRIED in the AIR and then be BREATHED IN , (SOME) are CARRIED in the AIR in (DROPLETS) MADE when you (COUGH & SNEEZE)

DIRECT CONTACT - (SOME) CAN be PICKED UP by (TOUCHING) SURFACES (THEY'RE ON) (E.G.SKIN) 

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Communicable Disease

REDUCING / PREVENTING SPREAD OF DISEASE

  • BEING HYGENIC - (E.G. WASHING HANDS (BEFORE) MAKING FOOD) - Can STOP you (SPREADING) PATHOGENS onto the FOOD and INFECTING a PERSON who EATS IT
  • DESTROYING VECTORS - (VECTORS - ORGANISMS that (SPREAD) DISEASE)                    KILLING them HELPS to STOP the DISEASE from being PASSED ON                                      VECTORS that are (INSECTS) CAN be KILLED using (INSECTICIDES)                                      Their (HABITATS) can also be DESTROYED so that they CAN'T (BREED)
  • ISOLATING INFECTED INDIVIDUALS - If you keep (INFECTED PERSON) with a (COMMUNICABLE DISEASE) AWAY from PEOPLE - It PREVENTS them FROM (PASSING IT ON) to ANYONE ELSE
  • VACCINATION - Can STOP (PEOPLE & ANIMALS) from GETTING a (COMMUNICABLE DISEASE) - STOPS them from (PASSING IT ON) to OTHERS
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Bacterial Disease

BACTERIA - (VERY SMALL) LIVING (CELLS)

REPRODUCE RAPIDLY (INSIDE) your BODY , CAN (MAKE) you (FEEL) ILL by PRODUCING (TOXINS - POISONS) , (TOXINS) DAMAGE your (CELLS & TISSUES)

SALMONELLA  & GONORRHOEA (BACTERIAL DISEASES)

SALMONELLA

  • INFECTED PEOPLE -  CAN SUFFER (FEVER , STOMACH CRAMPS , VOMITING , DIARRHOEA) - CAUSED by TOXINS from the BACTERIA

      HOW you GET (SALMONELLA) FOOD POISONING:

  • (EATING) FOOD that's ALREADY GOT (SALMONELLA BACTERIA)
  • (EATING) FOOD that's been MADE where the BACTERIA is PRESENT
  • IN the UK, (MOST) POULTRY are GIVEN a VACCINATION against SALMONELLA 
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Bacterial Disease

GONORRHOEA

  • CAUSED by BACTERIA 
  • SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASE
  • (STD'S) PASSED on by SEXUAL CONTACT (E.G. UNPROTECTED SEX)
  • PERSON (WITH) GONORRHOEA will get PAIN when they (URINATE - WEE)
  • (USED) to be TREATED with ANTIBIOTIC - PENICILLIN 
  • NOW (NEW TYPES) that are RESISTANT to (NOT KILLED BY) PENICILLIN -                      This ANTIBIOTIC (DOESN'T WORK) ANYMORE

HOW TO PREVENT THE SPREAD:

  • PEOPLE (CAN BE) TREATED with OTHER (ANTIBIOTICS)
  • PEOPLE (SHOULD USE) BARRIER METHODS of (CONTRACEPTION)
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Viral Disease

VIRUSES

  • (RAPIDLY) RE-PRODUCE (INSIDE) Your (BODY)
  • LIVE (INSIDE) your (CELLS) - (MAKE) LOTS of COPIES of THEMSELVES
  • CELLS - (WILL) BURST - (RELEASING) ALL the (NEW) VIRUSES
  • CELL DAMAGE - IS what (MAKES) you FEEL (ILL)

TYPE - MEASLES

  • (VIRAL) - SPREAD by DROPLETS from an (INFECTED) PERSONS (SNEEZE/COUGH)
  • DEVELOP a (RED SKIN RASH) - SIGNS of a (FEVER - HIGH TEMPERATURE)
  • CAN be (VERY SERIOUS) - CAN (DIE) if there is (COMPLICATIONS)
  • (MOST) PEOPLE are VACCINATED for THIS when they're (YOUNG)
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Viral Disease

HIV

  • (VIRUS) SPREAD by (SEXUAL CONTACT) or (EXCHANGING BODILY FLUIDS)                     (E.G. SHARING NEEDLES when TAKING DRUGS) 
  • CAUSES (FLU-LIKE SYMPTOMS - FOR a FEW WEEKS)
  • DOESN'T usually have SYMPTOMS for a FEW YEARS (AFTER)
  • CAN be CONTROLLED (WITH) (ANTIRETROVIRAL DRUGS) - STOP the VIRUS (COPYING ITSELF) in the BODY
  • IF (NOT) CONTROLLED - VIRUS (ATTACKS) the IMMUNE CELLS
  • IF BODY'S (IMMUNE SYSTEM) is (BADLY) DAMAGED - it CAN'T (COPE) with (OTHER INFECTIONS or CANCERS)
  • VIRUS- (LATE STAGE HIV INFECTION) or (AIDS)

TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

  • (VIRUS)  AFFECTS (MANY) SPECIES of PLANTS (E.G. TOMATOES)  
  • CAUSES (PARTS) of the LEAVES to BECOME (DISCOLOURED) - (GIVES) them a (MOSAIC PATTERN)
  • (DISCOLOURED LEAVES) - (LESS) CHLOROPHYLL to (ABSORB) LIGHT - (LESS) PHOTOSYNTHESIS (HAPPENS) in the LEAVES 
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Fungal and Protist Diseases

ROSE BLACK SPOT

  • CAUSED by (FUNGUS
  • FUNGUS -  CAUSES (PURPLE or BLACK) SPOTS on the LEAVES of (ROSE PLANTS) - The (LEAVES) can then TURN (YELLOW) & (DROP OFF)                                                       This means that (LESS) PHOTOSYNTHESIS can HAPPEN - the PLANT (DOESN'T) GROW (VERY WELL)                                                                                                                 SPREAD in (WATER & WIND)                                                                                                    GARDENERS - (TREAT) it - USING (FUNGICIDES- CHEMICALS that KILL FUNGI)                   

MALARIA

  • CAUSES by (PROTIST)
  • (PART) of the PROTIST'S (LIFE CYCLE) TAKES PLACE (INSIDE) the (MOSQUITO)                 MOSQUITOES - (VECTORS) - SPREAD (MALARIA)
  • CAUSES (REPEATING) EPISODES of (FEVER) - CAN (DIE)
  • CAN be REDUCED by (STOPPING) THEM from (BREEDING) & (MOSQUITO NETS
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Malaria

Image result for cycle of malaria

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Fighting Disease

BODY - HAS a (GOOD) DEFENCE SYSTEM

SKIN-   (STOPS) PATHOGENS getting INSIDE you - (RELEASES) SUBSTANCES that (KILL) PATHOGENS                                                                                                                                      NOSE HAIRS -  (TRAP) PARTICLES that COULD (CONTAIN) PATHOGENS                                   MUCUS (SNOT) - (TRACHEA & BRONCHI - AIRWAYS) (RELEASE) MUCUS to (TRAP) PATHOGENS                                                                                                                                       CILIA (HAIR-LIKE) - (TRACHEA & BRONCHI) (LINED) with (CILIA) - (MOVE) the MUCUS (UP) to the (BACK) of the (THROAT) where it CAN be (SWALLOWED)                                                         STOMACH ACID - (MAKES) HYDROCHLORIC ACID - (KILLS) PATHOGENS in the (STOMACH)

IMMUNE SYSTEM - (ATTACKS) PATHOGENS

 MOST IMPORTANT (PART) - WHITE BLOOD CELLS

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Immune System

THREE LINES OF ATTACK:

1) PHAGOCYTOSIS                                                                                                                             (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) ENGULF (PATHOGENS) & DIGEST THEM

2) PRODUCING ANTIBODIES

(EVERY) INVADING (PATHOGEN) has UNIQUE MOLECULES on it's (SURFACE) - (ANTIGENS)                                                                                                                                      (ANTIBODIES) LOCK ONTO the INVADING (PATHOGENS)                                                         (ANTIBODIES) MADE - SPECIFIC to that TYPE of (ANTIGEN)                                                       ANTIBODIES - (MAKE) sure the (PATHOGENS) CAN be ( FOUND & DESTROYED ) by OTHER (WHITE BLOOD CELLS)

If PERSON is (INFECTED) with the SAME (PATHOGEN) AGAIN - (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) will RAPIDLY (MAKE) (ANTIBODIES) to KILL it - PERSON is (NATURALLY IMMUNE) to that (PATHOGEN) & WON'T get ILL

3) PRODUCING ANTITOXINS 

These (STOP) TOXINS (PRODUCED by the (INVADING) BACTERIA) from WORKING

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Fighting Disease- Vaccination

VACCINATION - (PROTECTS) from FUTURE (INFECTIONS)          

INVOLVE - INJECTING (SMALL AMOUNTS) of (DEAD/INACTIVE) PATHOGENS into the BODY                                                                                                                                                These (PATHOGENS) HAVE (ANTIBODIES) on their SURFACE                                                   ANTIGENS - CAUSE your (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) to PRODUCE (ANTIBODIES) to (ATTACK) the (PATHOGENS)                                                                                                                           (LATER) if you're INFECTED - (WHITE BLOOD CELLS) (QUICKLY) PRODUCE (LOTS OF ) ANTIBODIES - Which (KILL) the (PATHOGEN)                                                                                            (E.G.) CHILDREN are VACCINATED against the (MEASLES VIRUS)

PROS 

  • Have HELPED to CONTROL (LOTS) of (COMMUNICABLE DISEASES) - USED to be COMMMON in the UK (E.G. POLIO)
  • EPIDEMIC - (BIG) OUTBREAK of DISEASE - PREVENTED by (LOTS) being VACCINATED

CONS

  • DON'T (ALWAYS) WORK , COULD have a (BAD REACTION) to the (VACCINE)
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Fighting Disease - Drugs

(SOME) DRUGS help to GET RID of the SYMPTOMS of a DISEASE (E.G. PAINKILLERS - REDUCE PAIN) - BUT they (DON'T KILL) the (PATHOGENS) that CAUSE the DISEASE                ANTIBIOTICS - (E.G. PENICILLIN) (KILL) BACTERIA                                                                        ANTIBIOTICS - (DON'T) DESTROY (VIRUSES) (E.G. FLUE VIRUS)                                                VIRUSES- (REPRODUCE) USING your (OWN) BODY CELLS - (MAKES) it DIFFICULT to DEVELOP (DRUGS) without (KILLING) the (BODY'S CELLS)                          

BACTERIA - CAN (MUTATE - CHANGE) - CAUSES (BACTERIA) to become RESISTANT to an (ANTIBIOTIC)                                                                                                                                       (TYPES) of BACTERIA (E.G. MRSA - have INCREASED as a RESULT of NATURAL SELECTION

PLANTS - (PRODUCE) CHEMICALS to DEFEND against (PESTS & PATHOGENS)                        (SOME) can be used as DRUGS to TREAT (HUMAN DISEASES & RELIEVE SYMPTOMS)            (A LOT) of our MEDICINES were FOUND by (STUDYING PLANTS) USED in (OLD- FASHIONED CURES)                                                                                                                                                (E.G. ASPIRIN - (PAINKILLER) (MADE from a (CHEMICAL FOUND) IN (WILLOW)                          (SOME) have COME from (MICROORGANISMS) (E.G. PENICILLIN)

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Developing Drugs

ONCE a POSSIBLE (DRUG) has been DISCOVERED , it NEEDS to be DEVELOPED -                  This INVOLVES (PRE-CLINICAL & CLINICAL) TESTING

PRE-CLINICAL TESTING

  • DRUGS - (1ST) TESTED on (HUMAN CELLS & TISSUES) in the LAB
  • Then - TESTED on (LIVE ANIMALS) to FIND OUT:
  • IT'S (EFFICACY - IF it WORKS & Has the RIGHT EFFECT)
  • IT'S (TOXICITY- How HARMFUL & Any SIDE EFFECTS it HAS)
  • IT'S (DOSAGE - CONCENTRATION it (WORKS BEST) at & How OFTEN to be TAKEN

CLINICAL TESTING 

  • IF DRUG (PASSES) TEST with ANIMALS - IT'S TESTED on (HUMAN VOLUNTEERS)             
  • (1ST) TESTED on (HEALTHY VOLUNTEERS) - to ENSURE theres NO (HARMFUL) SIDE EFFECTS when (BODY) is (WORKING NORMALLY)
  • START - (VERY LOW) DOSAGE of DRUG is GIVEN- (SLOWLY) INCREASED
  • IF (GOOD RESULTS) - (DRUGS) CAN be TESTED on PATIENTS (ILLNESSES)
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Developing Drugs

CLINICAL TESTING 

  • (OPTIMUM DOSE) is FOUND- (DOSE) of DRUG that is the (MOST EFFECTIVE & LITTLE SIDE EFFECTS)

TEST (HOW WELL DRUG WORKS) IS IN (TWO GROUPS):

GROUP 1 - GIVEN the (NEW DRUG)     

GROUP 2 - GIVEN a (PLACEBO - SUBSTANCE that's LIKE the DRUG but DOESN'T DO ANYTHING)

DOCTOR - (COMPARES) the TWO GROUPS of PATIENTS 

CLINICAL TRIALS - (BLIND - PATIENT (DOESN'T KNOW) which ONE they GET

RESULTS are CHECKED by the DOCTORS & (OTHER) DOCTORS - (PEER REVIEW)

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