Human geography case studies
- Created by: Georgie Evans
- Created on: 08-04-13 15:55
India's energy mix
-141st richest country in the world
- population of over 1 billion (17.7% of world population)
-79% energy self sufficient
-3.8% of world energy consumption
-600 million have no access to electricity
- CO2 emissions of 1tonne/person/per year ( global average is 4 tonnes)
-Coal accounts for 34.1% of total consumption
- 259bn tonnes of col reserves
- non commercial resources (fuel wood) account for 40% of consumption
- 9% of energy used for transport
- Signed Kyoto protocol
- 17% hydro potential
- 8 nuclear plants
Swedens energy mix
- 9th richest country in the world
- 1/1000th of worlds population
-1/400th of world energy consumption
- Coal accounts for 5% of energy mix
- Nuclear accounts for 38% of energy supply
- 10 nuclear reactors
- HEP provides 26% of energy consumption
- River Luleav generates 10% of electricity
- Transport accounts for 25% of energy usage
- Aiming to achieve oil free economy by 2020
- 10% want to phase out nuclear
Three gorges dam
- Yangzte river is the 3rd largest in the world
- Dam is the largest HEP scheme in the world at 185m high
- Generates 18,2000 MW of power = 300million tonnes of coal
- 20% of China's HEP
- 1045km sq resevoir
- 15 million protected from floods
- 1.5 million Ha of farmland
- $65bn in extra economic activity
- Allows 10,000 vessels to navigate from Shanghai to Chongqing
- Moved 1.9million from 1200 villages
- Cost $88bn
-30,000 Ha of productive farmland flooded
- In Yung Yang 45/81 factories moved
- 47 fish species extinct
- Inshore fish catches fallen by 1million tonnes/yr
Niger Delta
- Nigeria is the 6th largest oil producer in the world
- Oil represents 90% of exports (40% to USA)
- 4500 miles of pipelines
- Nigeria has been able to pay off all but $5bn of $36bn foreign debt
- 90% unemployment
- 70% living below poverty line
- 7000 oil spills between 1970 and 200
- 5th most polluted place on the planet
- 50000acres of mangrove forest destroyed
- Region recieves only 1% of profits
- MEND rebel group attacks oil industry
California sustainable energy management
- Most populous state in America of 36.5 million
- Economy as large as the UK
- Energy efficiency programmes saving 12000 MW
- Plans to save further 2800 MW building 5 new power plants
- Per capita energy consumption static between 1975 and 2005
- Energy companies charge $8/tonne of CO2 (+5% each year)
- Renewables account for 30.1% of energy mix
- Plans for 80% cut of GHG emissions by 2050
- 26 million motor vehicles
- Laws forcing auto manufacturers to cut exhaust emissions by 25%
BedZed
- 82 houses
- 300mm thick insulation -
- Energy for heating 81% less than local average
- 15 low cost houses
- Aims to reduce private car use by 80% in 10 years
- Carbon emissions 56% less than local average
- Photovoltaics supply 20% of electricity
- Water consumption 58% less than local average
- Annual mileage rate 64% of local average
- Office space for 100 workers
Solar cooker project
- 10,000 solar cookers distrubuter to Darfur
- Zero polluting
- Pots can be heated to 250 degrees fahrenheit
- Consumption of fuelwood reduced 80%
- 82% of rapes occurred during fuel wood collection
- 70% fall in foraging trips
- Project has trained 4500 women
Russia-Ukraine price dispute
- January 2008 Russia quadrupled gas prices for Ukraine
- Dispute over an unapaid $1.5bn debt of supplied gas
- 80% of European gas supplies routed through Ukrain
China's coal:
- Largest producer in the world, 2481 million tonnes
- Only exports 16%
Chernobyl:
- 1986 break in coolant pipe
- 250,000 had to be moved
- 3.5 million suffered illness
- Restrictions on food sales from areas up to 3000km away
Framlingham
- Population increased by 42% since 1981
- Improvements to the A12
- Loss of 'Drill Hall' community building
- Median house prices risen from £60,000 to £180,000, 10x average local income
- Bibby's seed merchant unable to survive
- Increased flood risk from river ore
- 35 Ha of farmland built on
- 66 people and 81 properties at risk from flooding
- Loss of 2km of hedgerow
- 65 homes built on brownfield sites
- Suffolk Heritage housing association employs 120 people + provies 10 affordable houses/ yr
- Sainsbury's Assisting Village Enterprise
Tourism in the Lake district
- 15.8 million tourists a year
- Increase of 3 million from 10 years ago
- Tourist double population at peak times
- Tourists spend £600 million a year
- 80% of tourists use cars (less than 5% public transport)
- 25% of tourists said traffic spoiled their visit
- 48% of services directly related to tourism
- Tourism employs 20,000 full time and 35,000 part time
- 15% of homes are second homes
- 20 m of path recovered at Whiteless Pike
- 8x300m scar recovered at Birkside
Allerdale
- Experiences 29% population loss from 1991 to 2001
- B5289 impassable in winter
- Hill farmers reported 75% fall in income
- In england, 600 locals shops and 500 post offices close in 2010
- Allerdale lost 5 post offices in 2010
- 55% of population over 55
- Commission for Rural communities decreased the tax discount on second homes from 50% to 10% raising £2.8m per year
Ralegan Siddhi
- 140 km East of Mumbai
- India has experienced 4% population movement to urban areas in last 10 years
- 70% of rural populations live below poverty line
- 50% of families have one meal a day in Ralegan Siddhi
- 60% of households were in debt
- Average family size of 8
- National Guarentee Scheme planned 60million rural households were guarenteed 100 days work.yr on at least $1.35
- 96% did not recieve 100 days
- In Ralegan Siddhi, womens literacy rate has doubled
- Sacrificing goats banned
- Irrigated land increased from 55 acres to 700 acres
- Water table raised from 20m to 6.5m
- Population double since 1971 (male population grown from 596 to 1265)
Cambrige congestion
- A14 from Cambridge to Huntingdon = most congested 2 lane dual carriageway in England
- 40% more traffic than 20 years ago
- 90% of motorist said traffic was a concern
- £5 million from government for 48 traffic calming schemes in 9 villages
- £372,000 spent in Willingham building 2 zebra crossing on B1050
- Worlds longet guided busway, 16 miles
- 20,000 trips/ day within 10 years
- buses every 9 minutes
- Cost £130 million, £15million over budget
East Anglia farming & CAP
- Farming agglomeration resulted in loss of 1000s of km's of hedgerow
- Contamination of water supplies from agro chemicals cost £225 million/yr
CAP - Langron Grove Farm
- Eye, East suffolk, 223 Ha
- Lies within NVZ, nitrates limited to 210kg/ Ha/ yr, no nitrates before April 1st
- Yields 10% above national average
- Childrens nursery creates 19jobs and places for 60 children
- Hederows can only be cut once every 3 years, to a minimum heigh of 3 years
- CAP is 55% of EU budget
East London deprivation
- In 2001m Newham and Tower Hamlets were the UKs two most deprived boroughs
- 43% of adults have no qualifications
- More than 15% recieve unemployment benefits
- in 1971 30% of East London worked in manufacturing, 7.5% in 2001
- Port of London closed in 1981 with loss of 40,000 jobs
- 1980s, £10bn spent on London Docklands development corporation
- 750 acres of derelict land reclaimed
- 25,000 new homes built
- 41% of under 24s remain in gangs
- Average salary is £20,000 a year (2nd lowest in london) - canary wharf = £100,000
- 1 in 4 homes deemed overcrowded
- Streets of Growth helped 300 young people in 2011
London congestion
- in 2003, 1 million people entering London between 7-10am
- 40,000 vehicles every hour
- Drivers spending 50% of time in traffic
- Average speed of 10mph
- 4,267 early deaths from pollution
- Traffic cost £3million.week
- Motor vehicles contribute to 29% of CO2
Traffic management, London
- Borris Bike's founded in 2010
- 570 docking stations and 8000 bikes
- £1 per day and £45 for years membership
- 18,500 journeys per day
- Cost £150 million
- Congestion charge 7am-6:30pm on weekdays
- £8 per day
- Congestion levels lowered by 30%
- 35% fewer vehicles on roads
- 24% reduction in journey times
- 20% less vehicles on roads
- Low emission zone charges £100 for vehicles that qualify
- £500 fine if you don't pay in advance
Waste disposal in London
- 4.4 millions tonnes of municipal household waste a year
- Set to increase to 6.5 million by 2020 with 800,000 population increase
- London recyles only 25% of waste
- 76% of household waste exported to other parts of SE
- Appleford, Oxfordshire recieves 2000 tonnes per day
- 1 in 4 of 28 landfill sites full
- Landfill accounts for 25% of methane production
- Waste collected by 500 vehicles per day
- London must recycle 6x more
- Must produce non biodegradable waste at 75% of 1995 levels
Water pollution in London
- 39 tonnes of sewage enters thames every year
- Sewage system 150 yrs old, 2mm of water causes it to overflow
- Overflows 50 times per year
- June 2011 'fish genocide' 250,000 tonnes pour into thames over 12km stretch killion 1000s of fish
- £675bn to build 5 new treatment plants (+50% capacity)
- 24 miles, £3.6bn super sewer would be 75m deep and 7 m wide
- Would collect 96% of waste
- 5000 have oppossed the sewer as 22 construction sites will destroy public gardens
London Olympics
- 24% of those employed were residents of 6 host boroughs
- 39% of those employed were previously unemployed
- 4 million sq feet of new offices
- Westfield shopping centre employs 8000
- 50% of olympic village converted into social housing
- 28% of public agree games will lead to a healthier lifestyle
- 450 residents had to be relocated (£8500 compensation)
- Zero waste games
- 99% of total waste reused
- 62% of operational waste composted/recycled
- 50,000 tonnes of soil cleaned by microorganisms
- 7 micro wind turbines build
- 70% reduction in water demand
- Carbon emissions 80% of before
- 9 million rail cards distributed
- 58% more cyclists
Nairobi & Kibera
- Nairobi is growing at 4.1% per year
- Kenta has a GDP per capita of less than $800
- 1million people live in Kibera
- 0% of household waste collected
- 95% of households lack adequate sanitation
- HIV rate is estimated at 20% of population
- Only 45% of households have a regular household income
- 50% of households survive on less than a dollar a day
- 40% cannot afford sufficient food on a daily basis
- Average shack 12x12ft and costs £6 per month
- One latrine ('toilet') shared by 50 people
- Changaa is locally brewed alcohol
Management of Kibera
- Canadian Youth alliance incested $120000 into the construction of a reculing centre
- 80% of household waste in Kibera can be reculced
- Kenya slum upgrading Slum program started in 2002 with budget of $8million
- project rehouses around 750 a year (15 year project)
- in 1977, 6000 plots of land provided (site ahd service) in new Dandora settlement
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