HSC10

• Using a digital thermometer (1)
• Placed under their tongue or in their ear (1)
• Leave until the thermometer beeps (1)
• Or until a reading is taken (1)

• Placing one or two fingers (1)
• On the patient's chest or back (1)
• Using their other hand, the GP will tap the fingers (1)
• While listening to the resulting sound (1)

• To look up the patient's medical history (1)
• To use a clinical support system (1)
• To help prescribe treatment (1)
• To speak to other practitioners/experts (1)
• To print a prescription (1)

• To be tested biochemically (1)
  
• To test glucose levels (1)
• Cholesterol (1)
• Gas content (1)
• Blood cell count (1)
• Presence of microorganisms (1)

• Performed using electrodes (1)
• Attached to chest/wrists/ankles (1)
• Recording electrical activity of the heart (1)
• A healthy heart produces a normal wave pattern (1)
• On a monitor screen (1)
• Abnormal wave patterns indicates dysfunction (1)

• X-rays (1)
• Contrast x-rays (1)
• Ultrasound scanning (1)
• CT scanning (1)
• MRI scanning (1)

• For early detection of certain diseases/disorders (1)
• To detect diseases where there are no signs/symptoms (1)

• An antiseptic solution is used to clean the abdomen (1)
• The area where the needle is inserted is numbed with anaesthetic (1)
• Needle is inserted through the abdomen into uterus (1)
• Positioned using an ultrasound scan (1)
• Amniotic fluid extracted (1)
• Performed at 15/20 weeks into the pregnancy (1)

• Performed by an optical assistant (1)
• Done using a non-contact tonometer (1)
• Blows a few puffs of air onto each eye (1)
• Air bounces back at instrument (1)
• Giving a measurement of pressure inside each eye (1)

Or

• Surface of eye numbed with eye drops (1)
  
• Fine ***** of paper with dye is touched to side of the eye (1)
• Slit lamp place in front of eye (1)
• Chin and forehead is supported to keep head steady (1)
• Lamp is moved towards the eye until tip of tonometer just touches the cornea (1)
• Optical assistant records the pressure reading on the instrument (1)

• Stimulating an immune response via an infectious agent/virus/pathogen/bacteria (1)

• Infection of a dead or weakened pathogen (1)

• Active immunity is acquired from a vaccination (1)
• So antibodies are produced against the disease (1)
• Whereas passive immunity is when antibodies are passed from mother to baby (1)
• But this immunity is shorter lasting than active (1)

• Caused by paramyovirus (1)
• Transmitted by droplets from sneezes from an infected person (1)

• Tiny greyish-white spots in the mouth and throat (1)
• Eyes become red and swollen (1)
• Runny nose and a harsh,dry cough (1)
• Common cold like symptoms e.g. tiredness (1)
• Reddish-brown skin rash developing 4 days after exposure (1)

• Rash (1)
• High temperature (1)
• Loss of appetite (1)
• Cold like symptoms (1)
• Tiredness (1)
• Redness at the site of the injection (1)

• Severe,watery diarrhoea (1)
• Vomiting (1)
• Stomach cramps (1)
• Dehydration (1)

• Mild fever (1)
• Vomiting (1)
• Sore throat (1)
• Loss of appetite (1)
• Fatigue (1)
• Muscle pain (1)
• Abdominal pain (1)

• Flu like symptoms (1)
• Tiredness (1)
• General aches and pains (1)
• Headaches (1)
• High temperature (1)
• Loss of appetite (1)
• Vomiting (1)
• Diarrhoea (1)

• High temperature (1)
• Headaches (1)
• Muscle aches (1)
• Stomach pain (1)
• Vomiting (1)
• Loss of appetite (1)
• Diarrhoea (1)
• Exhaustion (1)
• Confusion (1)

• High temperature (1)
• Chills (1)
• Fatigue (1)
• Problems sleeping (1)
• Lack of appetite (1)
• Headaches (1)
• Irritability (1)
• Anxiety (1)
• Sore throat (1)
• Vomiting (1)

• They have a choice as a patient (a basic human right)
• Patient choice is empowering
• They have a right to agree, refuse and delay treatment
• It is important they look at the benefits and side effects of the treatment
• They may be responsible for their own ill health
• Side effects may be worse than benefits

• In order to clarify the problem (1)
• Discover Sheila's medical history (1)
• Help make a diagnosis (1)

• The GP will look at the affect part of the body where possible (1)

• The stethoscope channels sounds from a metal dish along two tubes to ears (1)
• From patient's heart/lungs/chest (1)
• To identify abnormal noises (1)
• Eliminates background noise (1)

• Ultrasound scan uses a probe which produces high frequency sound waves (1)
• These sound waves penetrate through soft tissue (1)
• Gel is put on the patient's skin (1)
• The probe is placed on the patient's skin (1)
• The probe is attached to a receiver that detects the sound waves (1)
• This is connected to a computer that processes the data from the probe (1)
• The computer creates an image (1)

Advantages

• No radiation (1)
• Can be used as a substitue for x-rays (1)
• Inexpensive (1)

Disadvantages

• Poorer image compared to other screening techniques (1)
• Cannot penetrate bone (1) so can't be used to scan the brain (1)

• Heel ***** (1)
• Blood sample is taken from baby's heel (1)
• Blood is collected and sent to lab for analysis (1)
• Here the levels of amino acid will be measured (1)
• Tests will be carried out during first week of baby's life (1)

• Uses ionising radiation (1)
• Taken of one breast at a time (1)
• Breast placed on x-ray machine and gently compressed with a clear plate (1)
• Two x-rays are taken of each breast at different angles (1)
• Mammogram viewed as images and examined by radiologist (1)
• Results discussed with patient (1)

• Corynebacterium diptheriae (1)
• Bacterial infection (1)
• Spreads through respiratory droplets (1)
• Can also be spread by contaminated foods (1)
• Once infected, toxins from bacteria spread through bloodstream (1)
• Main symptoms include: high temperature, sore throat and breathing difficulties (1)

• Bordetella pertussis (1)
• Bacterial infection (1)
• In the lungs and airways (1)
• Causes a persistent, dry cough (1)
• Cough makes a whooping noise (1)
• Spreads through respiratory droplets (1)
• Main symptoms include: runny nose, raised temperature, vomiting after coughing (1)

• C. tetani (1)
• Bacterial infection (1)
• Lives in soil/dust/manure (1)
• Caused when a flesh wound becomes contaminated (1)
• Untreated may cause death (1)
• Main symptoms include: spasms, stiffness, lockjaw, difficulty swallowing (1)

• Contagious viral infection (1)
• Spreads like a cold (1)
• Spread through respiratory droplets (1)
• Main symptoms include: painful swellings at the side of the face, "hamster face" appearance, headaches, joint pain, high temperature (1)

• Viral infection (1)
• Transmitted through the air (1)
• Main symptoms include: red-pink skin rash, swollen glands, cold like symptoms e.g. a runny nose (1)

• Salmonella typhi (1)
• Contaminated food (1)
• Contaminated water (1)

• Can be bought over the counter (1)
• Not as strong as prescription drugs (1)
• Not prescribed by a GP (1)

• Chemical may be damaged by digestion (1)
• May take too long to be absorbed into the bloodstream (1)
• Unable to swallow (1)

• Injection (1)
• Cream (1)
• Ointments (1)
• Suppositories (1)
• Drops (1)

• Chemical name (1)
• Brand name (1)
• Generic name (1)

• Bed rest (1)
• Drink plenty of fluids (1)
• Keep warm (1)

• Microbe free practices (1)
• To avoid wound contamination (1)
• During/post surgery (1)
• E.g. sterilisation of surgical instruments (1)

• Using drugs/chemicals (1)
• To block nerve pathways (1)
• So area is numbed (1)
• No loss of consciousness (1)

• Dental treatment (1)
• Epidurals for childbirth (1)
• Eye surgery (1)
• Endoscopy (1)
• Brain surgery (1)

• The GP would test the knee jerk reflex (1)
• The patient's legs dangling over edge of the bed (1)
• A point just below the kneecap is tapped (1)
• Using a rubber hammer (1)
• This stretches the tendon (1)
• Sends a nerve impulse to spinal cord (1)
• Triggers the thigh muscle to contract (1)
• Lower leg jerks upward (1)

• Using their hands to examine the body (1)
• Using fingers to examine the size, texture, consistency and tenderness of an organ or body part (1)

• Machine emits electromagnetic radiation (1)
• X-ray machine produces an invisible beam of x-rays (1)
• Directed at a specific part of the body (1)
• Sheet of photographic paper (1)
• Placed under body part (1)
• Enables beams to penetrate soft tissue in the body (1)
• Cannot pass through bone (1)
• Dense tissues like bone absorb the radiation (1)
• Picture shows images of bones as light on black background (1)
• Carried out by radiographer (1)

Endoscopic surgery is a procedure where the inside of the body is examined using an endoscope. An endoscope is a long, thin, flexible tube that has a light source and a video camera at one end. Images of the inside of the body are relayed to a TV screen.Endoscopes can be inserted into the body through a natural opening or through a small surgical cut made in the skin (known as keyhole surgery). A local anaesthetic may be given to the patient to help them relax. This surgery minimises damage to surrounding tissues.

The patient will be asked to undress from the waist down and lie on a couch. The doctor/nurse will gently put an instrument (a speculum) into the vagina. This holds the walls of the vagina open so that the cervix can be seen. A small brush-like instrument will be used gently to collect some cells from the surface of the cervix. The cell sample is then sent off to a lab for analysis.