How did the ANC strengthen its position after the reverses of the early 1970s

• ANC established a number of boards internationally, including in London 
• ANC activities were concentrated in Zambia and Tanzania 
• ANC thought it would be good to be placed in African countires near South Africa 
• MK also moved to Zambia, this was the base for two attempts at major military incursions 
• The Wankie campaign ocurred through a group of 50 trained MK guerillas that crossed the Zambezi and attempted to creat a route from Zimbabwe to South Africa
• They were destroyed by Rhodesian government forces
• The Zambian government became concerned as their country was being used as a base for these organisations
• Kaunda erged Oliverr Tambo to find new bases, even though they were sympathetic to apartheid. 

• Tambo faced major crisis in the ANC 
• Took personal responsibility for the military failings and sought a route of consensus
• Tambo resigned in 1969 but immediately got re-elected. After this, there were no longer four seperate congresses that mimicked apartheid racial divisions. 
• Affirmed the importance of armed struggle but also stressed the importance on political leadership and political unity
• A group within the ANC beleived it should have just remained African and when they expressed their views publically, they got expelled
• Tennyson Makiwane, he was one of the people expelled  

• ANC was scattered in a lot of places and prone to ideological arguments, making it very difficult for Oliver Tambo. 
• Tambo held strongly ANC's philosophy of non-racialism and he worked with exiles from all South African communities. 
• Recognised the value of the multi-racial AAM even though it was independent from the ANC 
• Valued international solidarity 

Sporting boycotts

• 'Stop the Seventy Tour' between 1960 to 1970
• Target was the South African rugby team tour over Britain and Ireland 
• There were mass demonstrations and pitch invasions
• The tour was disrupted however it was not called off. 
• The 1970 cricket tour to Britain was also cancelled due to these boycotts organised by the AAM
• Some New Zealand rugby players would have been considered Coloured in South Africa however these players were allowed in the New Zealand rugby tour 
• But when South Africa went to New Zealand there were only white South Africans. This was cancelled though due to the 'Halt all Racists Tours'
• 'Glenealgles Agreement- discouraged signatories from playing South Africa
• Cricket and rugby boycotts upsettened white South Africans

Economic boycotts 

• Economic disengagment with South Africa wasn't good for the Conservative Party in the UK. At that time the prime minister Heath has just been elected
• Britain was still South Africas most important trading partner
• 1970's - constructive engagement- overseas investors should influence an improvement on wages and conditions for black workers
• They also believed (the British) that economic growth would revel reveal the weaknesses of apartheid
• If economy expanded, it would be harder for South African government to control urbanisation
• Companies would need more skilled black workers- leading the government to realise they had to relax on the race laws
• AAM opposed this, having the idea that economic engagement would be business as usual enabling foreign companies to make large profits. 
• Believed comprehensive sanctions, with internal protest could bring South Africa to change its policies.