How did the ANC strength it's position after the reverses of the early 1970's?

Difficulties in exile

The ANC were operating underground in the 70's so had to find ways to stay relevant to ordinary South Africans
President = Oliver Tambo
In the 60's, they established offices abroad - London was important
Within Africa - Tanzania and Zambia were important
Mk moved into Zambia
Mk had two main military excursions from here; Wankie (1967) and Sipolio (1968)
Wankie; 50 guerrillas (inc Chris Hani) tried to create a through route to SA. Stopped by the Rhodesian gov forces. Retreated into Botswana.
Sipolio; lasted longer but heavy losses.
Chris Hani and younger Mk members who survived the Wankie campaign became critical of the ANC leadership - accused them of 'careerism' and of being middle class 'globe-trotting' bureaucrats.

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The leadership of Mk responded with some hostility to the accusations from Hani.
Tambo took personal responsibility for the military failings
The youth rebels were expelled from the ANC
Tambo resigned but was immediately re-elected
The ANC also decided to admit people of all races - no longer 4 separate congresses.
Movement adopted 'strategy and tactics' document - highlighted the importance of armed struggle but more importantly the need for political leadership, political education and political unity.
Hani and rebels were reinstated
These decisions were influenced but the memorandum from Hani and the Mk
There were still people in the ANC that believed that the movement should remain African
Tennyson Makiwane - started a rival ANC group and attacked Tambo as well as the CP.
Alternative movement quickly died out

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Deeply conscious of the need for unity
Held the ANC's philosophy of non-racialism and worked with exiles from all South African communities
Recognised the importance of the AAM - though independent from the ANC

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No single global organisation - movements were based in individual countries
In the 60's, Britain started to plan boycotts against S.A --> Arts, economic and sporting
Boycotts were usually partial and uneven
In the 70's, they started to bite
SA became more isolated
In 1980, the UN passed a resolution for a comprehensive cultural and academic boycott of SA (supported by the AMM and ANC)

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After D'Oliverira in 1968, the issue of race was opened up within sports
New campaign called 'Stop the Seventy Tour'
Mass demonstrations, pickets of the tourists' hotels, and pitch invasions
Tour was disrupted but not called off
After this, a 1970 cricket tour of a South African team to England was cancelled
South Africa was expelled from international test cricket in the same year.
In 1973, a whites-only South African Rugby team was planning a tour to New Zealand
A movement called Halt All Racist Tours campaigned successfully against the visit and it was cancelled.

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1970 - conservative government (Heath = PM)
Withdrew Britain from the UN arms boycott
Conservative party didn't want to disconnect itself economically from S.A
Britain was SA's most important trading partner
During the 70's, the conservatives developed strategies known as 'constructive engagement'
Said that overseas investors should improve their employment practices and then use their influence to improve wages and conditions for black workers in SA
They also said that economic growth would reveal the weaknesses in apartheid and lead to its demise --> as demand for workers increased in the cities, urbanisation would get more difficult to control (companies need more skilled workers - gov would have to relax rules on jobs and race)
However, the AAM favoured more systematic disinvestment and boycotts

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