Henry V 1413-1422

• At 26 he came to the throne, wiith successful military wins and expreince under his belt.
• He had ruled on behalf of his father up until 1411 with parlimentary approval
• There was tnesion between Henry and his Father in 1411 after Henry V's supporters (the beaufort) suggested that the king abdicate in favour for his son
• In March 1413, Hnery IV lay dying and gacve his son belssings and advice

• Henry IV's ill health after 1406, with financial difficulties and threats from both Scotland and Wales, meant that English royal focus on France during the later years of his reign muted and england lost control of important french territories
• Henry V was keen to regain a number of these losses.
• Hes sent an ambassador over to the french king, claiming all the teritories that were historically regarded as English.
• Hnery also asked for the hand of Catherine of Valios, howver all of these demands were rejected
• Henry's decision to invade France was spurred on by the fact that Charles VI suffered from an ongoing mental health problem that caused periods of complete incapatation
• Henry hoped to expolit the unstable french government

Henry used carefully planned diplomativ tactics to secure his kingdom and isolate france:

• Adopted a conciliatory attitude towards the Welsh, investigating complaints of oppression by royal oficials there and offering pardons to doem former rebles
• Took measures to rehabiliate the Percy family
• Henry held King James I of scotland as prisioner, which was extremly important as France and Scotland were ally's
• In January 1414, Hnery agreed to a 10 year truce with the duke of Brittainy  

• Henry's army is estimated to have been around 10,500 to 12,000 fighting men
• Landed in the port of Harfleur, and the french surrended there on the 22nd september
• English suffered losses from an outbreak of dynstrey, Henry ordered the wounded and sick to be sent back and left a large english garrason incharge
• Led the rest of his army to Calais, which was seen as poor tactics as his troops made the long journey althiough they were exhausted
• The french had prevented the english army from crossing the somme, as the french were mirroring the english troops actions acros the river, Hnery sped his troops up and gained half a day's march on the french.
• They found a causeway and by 19th october 1415 the english army had crossed the somme

• The battle took place on the 25th october 1415
• The english army consited largley of archers trained in long-bow, compared to men-at-arms
• the battle filed was narrow and the french were grouped too tightly and had trouble fighing effectivly
• The ground was extremly muddy and the french wore heavy armour meaning it was difficult for them to move
• The english shot arrows in to the french line, the french retaliated with clavalry charges however the attacks wwere blocked by stakes protecting the english army
• The french got inot difficulties due to over-crowding and the effective use of bowshots by the english
• Aftern the archers attacked, english troops engaged in hand to hand combat with was successful as they werent as heavily armed and so could move better
• Henry ordered that all enemies to be taken as prisoner and immediatly killed to prevent them giving assistance
• The victory at Agincourt ensured Hnery's reputation as a gerat military leader

• Troops had recent fighting expreience at Harfleur
• Henry V was an inspirational leader
• The French had a number of commanders, and so lacked the same unity of purpose and leadership that the English had
• Had excellent and well disciplined archers
• Rained the night before making the fileds soft underfoot, Hnery goaded the French to attack making it dificult for them to fight effectivly
• As the French crossed the battle fireld they got struck by arrows causing panic

• Tired after the trip across the channle and the fighting at Harfleur
• Lost a considerable amount of men to fighting and dysntry
• Likely the English army lacked food
• Had a smaller fighting force than the French
• According to French sources, they were less confident then the french due to their small numbers
• The French had the prospect of a force coming to help them, the english did not

• Many celebration when Henry returned to London on 23rd November ("royal entry")
• Brought greater political stability
• A sign from God
• Reduced the threat of France and of a French invasion
• Parliment had agreed to reward him with great revenue from taxation
• Parliment generous in funding military cmapagins

• A preist and oxford academic (John Wycliffe) had entrerd into royal service and had developed an association to John of Gaunt
• In 1377, Wycliffe had been summond to see the Archbishop of Canterbury as he had been accused of teaching Christian practices in a way that went against the official church teachings
• Later in the same year, ppe Greggory XI publicly condemmed the teachings who criticised many of the vies expressed by Wycliffe
• Wycliffe escaped major punishement and died in 1384 from natural causes
• An audience of his teachings gathered and became known as the "lollards" mostly known for translating the criptures into english
• This term was widley used in relation to anyone who expressed heretical views

• Had fought under ther future king Hnery V in the Glyndwr rebellion and in 1400 married that gave him territorial intrest in Norfolk, Wiltshire, Northamptonshire, London and kent
• Held strong unorthodox views
• The Archbishop of Canterbury was in charge of insuring people in britian remained faithful and so launched a campagin to remove heretics following the 1410 parliment, with Hnery (then prince of wales) supported this campagin
• Arundel was particularly supportive of Oldcastle, but kept a close eye on his behaviour
• Henry still trusted Oldcastle when it came to military matters, as he was sent over the burgundy to lead an expedition ot orleans
• A heretical book owned by Oldcastle was found and Hnery (then king) sent him to the tower for 40 days to repent - howver, he escaped in october with a polt against the king
• In January 1414, he led a group of religious dissidents to St. Giles Fields, with the aim to kidnap the king and make him agree with Lollard views or to murder him

Short term

• Showed Henry's decissivness and suitablitly as king
• The rebellion was not a significant threat to the king
• State became more involved: - All crown officers were responsible to give church support for searching and tackling lollards - All those convicted of heresy would be executed and all goods moved to the crown

Long term

• While Oldcastle was on the run, he may have conversed with the Scots and Welsh which would have posed a greater threat to Henry
• In 1415, the lollards posed a greater threat to Henry with the southampton plot

• The government was keen to secure some more territories in France
• In August 1417, Henry led his army to France, witht the aim to conquest Normady, ina seige against the french towns
• Had several canons and 10,500 soldiers
• Lead a series of assults on towns such as Alencon