Health and Social Care

• Feeling breathless
• A tight chest
• Wheezing
• Coughing
• Attacks triggered by exercise exposure or allergens

• Family history of asthma or related allergic condition
• Developing Another A Topic condition
• Having bronchitis as a child
• Being exposed to tobacco as a child - pregnant mom
• Premature birth
• Born under weight (less than 2kg)

• Infections
• Allergens
• Exercise (Large Amounts)

• Inhaler - gets medication directly to the lungs
• Spacers
• Oral steriods
• Medicine in form of tablets
• Complementary therapies

Preventers: (Inhalers)

A low does of steriods, working overtime to reduce sensitivity, swelling and inflammation in airways.

Relievers:

Work quickly to relax the muscles surrounding the narrowed airways, making it easier to breathe. 

• Stop smoking
• Avoid exposure to tobacco
• Avoid allergens triggers e.g. nuts, milk, pollen, animals
• Lose weight - improve lung function
• Regular exercise 
  • Humid exercise - swimming
• Carrying inhaler - less worried/anxious
  • Take preventer in the morning and at night

• Physical
  • May not be able to participate in exercise
  • Family who enjoy exercise may have to stop
• Intellectual
  • Become more aware of medial situation
  • Miss school/work for appointments
  • Family become more aware of condition
• Emotional
  • May feel isolated from friends
  • Worried about PE or exercies incase they have an attack
• Social
  • A young child won't be able to run around with their friends
  • Family have to miss social events
  • May have to quit job or hobby

What is meant by the term cancer?

any malignant growth or tumour caused by abnormal and uncontrolled cell division; it may spread to other parts of the body through the lymphatic system or the blood stream.Cancer occurs when cells divide and multiply too rapidly and produce a lump of tissue     

• Benign - a tumour but not cancerous, may grow longer but do not spread to other parts
• Malignant - a cancerous tumour, can invade and destroy nearby tissue and spread to other parts of the body

Causes

• Genetics                        Diet                              
• Lifestyle
• Stress
• Sun Exposure
• Age
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Body Weight

Exactly what causes cancer to develop inside the bowel is still unknown. 

• Most cases first develop inside the clumps of cells on the inner lining of the bowel and are known as polyps (small growths)
• Family History 
• Diet
• Smoking
• Alcohol
• Obesity
• Inactivity
• Digestive Disorders - Crohns
• IBS

• Blood in your faeces
• The appearance of mucus in the faeces
• A change in your regular bowel habits
• Abdominal pain or discomfort that last for two weeks or more
• Persistent pain in the back passage 
• Unexplained weight loss

• Stage 1 (Colon) - only surgery needed
• Stage 1 (Rectal) - Radiotherapy then surgery
• Stage 2/3 - Surgery and chemotherapy
• Stage 4 - Can not operate as too advanced. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and biological therapies are given to slow down cancer growth.

Surgery - Rectal Cancer

• Resection
• Laparoscopy

Surgery - Colon Cancer

• Colectomy 

Chemotherapy 

Given after surgery to destroy cells that were not removed. Can be taken in tablet form or as an injection or infusion directly into a vein (intravenous).

Side effects:

• Vomitting
• Hair loss
• Nausea
• Sore Mouth
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue

Radiotherapy:

High energy beams of radiation to help destroy cancer cells to help prevent the cancer from spreading.

Side effects:

• Reddening and soreness of the skin
• Nausea
• Diarrhoea
• Fatigue

• A newer type of medication known as monoclonal antibodies

• The antibodies have been genetically engineered to target special proteins found on the surfaec of cancer cells which help the cancer to grow

• Targeting those proteins can help to prevent the cancer from spreading

What is a Stoma?

A stoma ia where an opening is made on your abdomen which allows waste to pass out of the body.

Ilestomy

A stoma which formed by bringing the end of a loop of the small bowel out onto the surface of your abdomen. The food waste passes out of the ilestomy and is collected in an external pouch. They are formed to allow the area to rest and heal after surgery. The waste produced is usually liquid rather than solid. 

Colostomy

A stoma which is fomred by bringing the part of the colon (large intenstines) out on to the surface of your abdomen. The waste produced is usually more formed and is collected in an external pouch.

• Physical
  • Lack of exercise
  • Discomfort
  • Constipation
• Intellectual
  • Increased knowledgeof disease
  • Lack of concentration
• Emotional
  • Uncertainity about the future
  • Worry about treatments
  • Denial 
  • Anger
  • Depression
• Social
  • Isolation from family and friends
  • Increased contact with healthcare professionals
  • Meet people through support groups
• Finacial
  • Low wages due to time off

Anorexia is an eating disorder and mental health condition which can be life threatening. an anorexia sufferer will keep their weight down by restricting their food intake and will have a distorted image of themselves. 

Environmental:

• Going through puberty
• Living in a culture/society where being thin is desirable
• Social pressure to be thin
• Abuse

Psychological:

• Tendency of being prone to anxiety or depression
• Poor/weak reaction to stress
• Excessive restraint or control in other areas of life

Biological:

• Malnutrition
• Affected balance of hormones in the body
• Brain becoming sensitive to the amino acid tryplohan

• Thinking/obessing about food
• Lying about food consumption or weight
• Always cold
• Weight loss
• Feeling dizzy
• Pain in abdomen
• Hair thinning
•  Swelling in hands and feet
• Bad breath
• Over exercising
• Fine hair growth on face and body
• Periods stop
• Yellowing of the teeth

Medication can be given to treat associated symptoms such as OCD and depression. 

Psychological Treatment:

• Cognitive analytic therapy
• Cognitive behavioural therapy
• Interpersonal therapy
• Focal psychodynamic therapy
• Family therapy

Counselling:

• Advice about eating and nutrition to help you gain weight safely

Healthcare professionals involved:

• Specialist counsellor
• Psychiatrist
• Psychologist
• Nurse

Physical:

• Won't be able to do exercise
• Impairment - no energy

Intellectual:

• Time off school or work
• Affects learning
• Learning how to manage condition

Emotional:

• Low self esteem
• No confidence
• Affecting self-worth

Social:

• Won't want to be around people

Finacial:

• If they were an adult it would effect them due to time off work

Bulimia nervosa is an eating disorder and mental health condition.

No simple cause of bulimia, however the condition is linked to a fear of getting fat.

• Low self-esteem
• Puberty
• Genetics
• Depression
• Physical illness
• Sexual Assault
• Stress
• Cultural and social pressure

Binge Eating:

Consuming vast amounts of food (high calorie) without really feeling hungry. Spontaneous, planned or a shopping trip

Purging:

Is a response to bingeing. After eating lots of food, full or self-hate, unattractive, guilty. Common methods are making yourself sick or using laxatives. Impulse comes from fear of putting on weight

A serious medical condition that occurs when the blood supply to a part of the brain is cut off either by a clot or a bleed.

Ischemic:

When a blood clot or fatty material blocks an artery causing the restriction of blood to parts of the brain

Haemorrhagic:

When blood vessels in the brain become weak and burst causing bleeding in part of the brain causing brain damage

• Blood clot in a main artery
• Blockages in a vessel in the brain
• Brain not getting enough oxygen
• Blood vessels burst

Face:

• The face may have dropped on one side, cant smile, mouth or eye may have dropped

Arms:

• The person with suspected stroke may not be able to lift both arms and keep them there because of weakness or numbness in one arm

Speech:

• Their speech may be slurred or garbled, can't speak

• Aspirin
  • Makes platelets in the blood less sticky reducing the chances of further clots
• Warfarin
  • Similar to above except changes chemical composition to the blood
• Beta Blockers 
  • Medicine to lower blood pressure
• Statins 
  • Medicine to lower cholestrol
• Emergency surgery
• ACE Inhibitors
  • used to treat high blood pressure by relaxing the blood vessels

Transient Ischemic Attack - 'Mini Stroke'

• Numbness or weakness resulting incomplete paralysis
• Problems with balance and co-ordination
• Sudden and severe headaches
• Blacking out

• Chances of having a full stroke 1/10 in the four weeks that follow
• Serious sign there is a problem with the blood supply to your brain
• Warning sign

Involves the individual taking responsibilty for their own health

• Physiotherapy sessions - to regain mobility
• Occupational Therapy sessiosn - to relearn skills

Counselling:

• Coping strategies
• Vent fustration
• Re-build self esteem

Physical: Weakness/ Paralysis on one side of the body, co-ordination or balance problems, extreme fatigue, difficulty walking, poor vision

Intellectual: Memory slower, short term attention span, perception change, inability to filter out background noise

Emotional: Depression, anxiety disorder, general fears, perosnality change, anger

Social: Withdrawn from social activities, difficulties communicating

Finacial: Unable to work and will have time off

Schizophrenia is a mental illness which is severe. It can disrupt and impair a persons sense of reality and can cause disturbing emotions.

• Stressful events
  • Very stressful or life-changing events may trigger the symptoms. Social isolation has also been shown to be linked.
• Dopamine
  • This is one of the chemicals that carry messages between brain cells. There is evidence that too much dopamine may be involved in the development.
• Drug Abuse
  • Some people may have development symptoms of schizophrenia as a result of using cannabis or other drugs
• Inheritance
  • Some families seem to be prone, suggesting some sort of genetic condition

• Inappropriate emotions
• Neglecting personal care
• Being withdrawn
• Having irrational thoughts
• Delusions about personal persecution or trivial events
• Impaired concentration
• Rambling speech and switching topic
• Hearing imaginary voices

A person may need hopsital inpatient treatment:

• Admit themselves
• Detained under the Mental Health Act (2007)

Most people are treated by community mental helath teams

The goal of the CMHT is to provide day-to-day support and treatment while ensuring as much independence as possible.

A CMHT can be made up of and provide access to:

• social workers
• community mental health nurses
• pharmacists
• counsellors and psychotherapy
• psychologists and psychiatrists

Schizophrenia treatment is individually tailored to the person

It is usually a combination of therapy and medication

Antipsychotics are usually the first treatment

• They work by blocking the effect of the chemical dopamine on the brain
• They can reduce feelings of anxiety or aggression within a few hours, but can take a few dyas or weeks to reduce other symptoms, such as hallucinations or delusional thoughts
• Taken orally or given as an injection

Lifestyle Changes

• Exercise
• Get plenty of sleep
• Eat healthily
• Avoid alcohol and other drugs

Psychological treatments can help people cope better with the symptoms of hallucinations or delusions

They can alos help treat some of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia

• Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - aims to identify the thinking patterns that cause unwanted feelings and behaviour, and learn to replace this thinking with more realistic thoughts
• Family Therapy - people rely on family members for care and support which can place a strain on any family. Family therapy is a way of helping the whole family cope better with the condition

Physical

• Lack of energy
• Risk of suicide
• Risk fo harming when behaving irrationally

Intellectual

• Lack of concentration

Emotional

• Concernced for health and well being of themselves and others

Social

• Socially withdrawn

Finacial

• Affects work

Why do we need insulin?

Insulin moves glucose (from digested food) out of the blood stream and into body cells where it is used in respiration.

Type 1:

• Usually develops before 40
• Genetics (inherited)
• Immune system attacks and destroys cells that produce insulin so levels are very low

Type 2:

• Most common in adults
• Age and obesity
• Body doesnt produce enough insulin or the body is unable to use the insulin that has been produced

• Blurry vision
• Increased thirst or need to urinate
• Feeling tired or ill
• Reoccuring skin, gum or bladder infections
• Dry, itchy skin
• Unexpected weight loss
• Slow - healing cuts or bruises
• Loss of feeling in the feet or tingling feet

Diabets will monitor their blood sugar levels many times a day

• They use a finger-pricking device, which pierces the skin and draws blood
• They then test the blood sugar levels by using a blood glucose meter and testing *****
• The testing ***** absorbs the blood and the meter identifies and displays how many mmol/l of glucose is in the blood

Normal range : 4.0 - 7.0 mmol/l before meals, and up to 9.0 mmol/l for two hours after meals

• Depending on the result of their blood glucose test, the diabetic will then inject themselves with however much insulin is needed

Insulin Pump:

It can help improve diabetes control and minimise the frequency of hypos. It can also give you more freedom in day-to-day life with your insulin diet and activity levels

Type 1:

• Blood sugar checks
• Insulin injections
• Exercise
• Be alternative with the food eaten - count carbs

Type 2:

• Regular exercise
• Lose weight
  • Replace refined carbs with wholegrain
  • Increase veg and fibre
  • Decrease saturated fat

Physical: Heart disease, stroke, blindness, nerve damage, kidney failure, high blood sugar leading to coma/death

Intellectual: Knowing more about disease, knowing what they need to do to manage condition

Emotional: Affect your life, what you can eat, may affect confidence

Social: May affect how long you can go out for and what they can do

Finacial: May affect if have o pay for medicine

When the heart blood supply is stopped/ interrupted/ blocked by a build up of fatty substances/ deposits/atheroma in coronary arteries

This process is called atherosclerosis it can lead to chest pains called angina and can lead to a heart attack.

• High Blood Pressure
• Smoking
• Type 2 Diabetes
• Thrombosis
• Obese
• Family History
• Not taking regular exercise

• Chest pain/Tight Chest/Angina
• Heart Attack/Myocardial Infarction
• Sweating
• Light Headness
• Breathlessness
• Feeling or being sick
• Irregular heart beat
• Fainting
• High Blood Pressure

• Stop smoking if you do
• Increase exercise levels or start exercising
• Keep to a healthy weight or lose weight
• Cut down on salt
• Cut down on alcohol
• Cut down on fats

• Antiplatelets
  • Can help reduce the risk of a heart attack by thinning your blood and preventing it clotting
• Statins
  • Lower cholestrol by blocking its formatio
• Beta Blockers
  • Often used to prevent and treat high blood pressure, they work by blocking the effects of a particular hormone in the body, which slows down your heartbeat and improves blood flow
• Nitrates
  • Widen the blood vessels, allows for a better flow of blood
• ACE Inhibitors
  • Used to treat high blood pressure
• Calcium channel blockers
  • Decrease blood pressure by relaxing the muscles that make up the walls of your arteries

• Diurectics
  • Work by flushing excess water and salt from the body through urine

• Coronary Angioplasty

• Coronary Artery Bypass Graft

• Heart Transplant-In a small number of cases, when the heart is severly damaged and medicine is not effective, or when the heart becomes unable to adequately pump blood around the body

British Heart Foundation

• Physical
  • May find it difficult to manage changes in diet, find it hard to motivate themselves to maintain new exercise programme
• Intellectual
  • Unable to concentrate at school or work, educated about condition
• Emotional
  • Feeling stressed, down, upset, anxious, or worried about condition
• Social
  • Withdrawn from friends and family, they may be worried
• Finacial
  • Effect income if the individual had time off

Obesity is generally caused by eating too much and moving to little.

Calorie intake is usually higher than the recommened:

Active Woman - 2000

Active Man - 2500

• an underactive thyroid gland
• poor diet and lifestyle choices
• consumption of fats and sugars
• cushing syndrome
• medication - antidepressants and medicines for schizophrenia

• Feeling tired everyday
• Snoring
• Back and joint problems
• Increased sweating
• Difficulty sleeping
• Breathlessness
• Inability to cope with physicial exercise

• Surgery
• Regular Exercise
• Local weight loss groups
  • NHS and Commerical Groups
• Exercise on Prescription
  • Exercise with a qualified trainer

• Avoiding fad diets
• Regular exercise
• Reduce energy intake from their diet by 600 calories a day
• Swap unhealthy and high energy food choices for helathier choices

Weight Concern

National Obesity Forum

• Strain on organs
• Joints e.g. hips/knees/back pain
• Shortness of breath
• Increased risk of coronary heart disease
• Increased risk of stroke
• High blood pressure
• Premature death
• Psychological problems

Physical - Physical health deteriorates, difficulty moving, joint problems, high blood pressure, heart disease and diabetes

Intellectual - Increased knowledge of condition, lack of concentration

Emotional - Depression, stress, low self-esteem, paranoid and anxiety

Social - Withdrawn unable to do certain things

Finacial - Low wages due to time off work, maybe unable to work

The development of cancerous cells in the breast tissue or a cancerous tumour

• Age
• Family History
• Alcohol
• Oestrogen Exposure
• Radiation
• Previous diagnosis of Breast Cancer

• Lump or thickened tissue in one or both breasts - 90% of these are not cancerous
• Change in size or shape of *****
• Discharge from the ******
• Lumps or swelling in the armpit
• Dimpling on the skin of the breast
• Rash on or around ******
• Change in appearance
• Pain in breast or armpit
• Pulled in ******

Surgery

• Removal of Cancerous Lump:
  • Lumpectomy
  • Partial Mastectomy
  • Breast counselling surgery
• Removal of Breast
  • Mastectomy
  • The tissue and ****** are all removed
  • Reconstruction can take place
  • Clearance of lymph nodes from axilia if cancerous

Chemotherapy:

It can be given either as a tablet or as an injection or infusion directly into a vien (intravenous)

Given after surgery to destroy cells that were not removed

Side Effects:

• Infections
• Nausea
• Hair Loss
• Loss of appetite
• Tiredness
• Sore mouth

In many cases having chemotherapy will make you feel worse than the actual cancer

Radiotherapy:

Usually starts one month after surgery/ chemotherapy to allow body time to recover

3-5 times per week, 3-6 for week

Sessions last a few minutes

• Breast radiotherapy - after breast conserving surgery
• Chest well radiotherapy - mastectomy
• Radiotherapy of lymoh nodes - aimed at axilia

Hormone Therapy:

Some breast cancers are stimulates to grow by the hormones oestrogen or progestrone.

It works by lowering the levels in your body

Side Effects:

• Hot flushes
• Nausea
• Aching joints
• Changes to your period
• Weight gain

Making healthier choices

Eating better

Quit smoking

Reducing alcohol

Taking more exercise

Macmillan Nurse Support

Occupational Healthcare

• Physical
  • Hair Loss, Lack of exercise, weak immune system from chemotherapy, weakness
• Intellectual
  • More educated about condition, lack of concentration
• Emotional
  • Stress, Depressions, Fear and Anxiety
• Social
  • Unable to do certain things, withdrawn
• Financial
  • Low wages due to time off work

Genital Herpes is a common infection caused by the herpes simplex virus.

Gential Herpes can be passed to others through intimate sexual contact but can affect any mucus membrane, like those found in the mouth.

Most people with genital herpes do not experience any symptoms at first and therefore do not know they have the condition.

Symptoms may not appear until months or sometimes years after exposure to the virus.

Males and Females:

The symptoms of genital herpes for the first time

• Painful red blisters that burst to leave open sores around the genitals, rectum, thighs and buttocks
• Blisters and uclers on the cervix in women
• Vaginal discharge
• Pain when you pass urine
• A high temperature
• General feeling of being unwell

Although intial symptoms may clear up, the virus still remains dormant (inactive) in a nearby nerve. The virus may be reactivated from time to time, travelling back down the nerve to your skin and causing recurrent outbreaks

• A tingling, burning or itching sensation around your genitals
• Painful red blisters on cervix

Recurrent Outbreak:

• Visit GP if experiencing a recurrent outbreak
• If the symptoms are mild, they may suggest things to do at home to help ease symptoms without the need for treatment
• Keep the affected area clear using either plain or salt water. This will prevent blistsers or uclers from being infected, help heal quicker. It will also stop affected areas from sticking together.
• Apply an ice pack/cold/wet
• Apply pertoleum jelly
• Drink plenty

• Testing is best done when the infection is still active
• A swob is used to collect a sample of fluid from a blister
• Antiviral tablets which will be have to be taken five times a day
• Aciclovir - works by preventing the HSV from multiplying, but it doesn't clear the virus from your body completely and does not have any effect once you stop taking it.

Always being open and honest with a new partner

Always using condoms even with a long term partner

• Physical
  • Abstain from sex during outbreaks
• Intellectual
  • Become more educated about sexual health, may learn how to self manage their condition
• Emotional
  • Feel embarrassed, ashamed, upset, worried about future relationships
• Social
  • Finds it difficult to start new sexual relationships/support groups for people with herpes

Not fully understood

• Undescended Testes - testes grown in abdomen
• Age/Race
• Family History
• Infertility
• Smoking
• HIV/AIDS

A lump or swelling (usually painless)

• Dull ache or sharp pain in the testicles which may come and go
• A feeling of heaviness in the scrotum
• A sudden collection of fluid in your scrotum
• Fatigue
• A general feeling of being unwell

Diagnosis:

• GP - Physical examination
• Blood Test
• Ultra sound - MRI

Surgery - Single Orchidectomy

Whole testicle is removed via the groin, rather than the cancer alone, as more chance of recovery

• 1-2 Days stay in hospital
• Silicone prosethetic
• Sex life and ability to have children not affected

Double Orchidectomy

• Both testciles are removed
• Silicone prosthetics optional
• Infertile, sperm can be banked
• Testosterone replacement therapy avaible so still able to have erections

Chemotherapy

Given after surgery to destroy cells that were not removed during the surgery, can be taken as a tablet, as an injection or infusion directly into a vein.

Side Effects:

• Vomitting
• Hair Loss
• Nausea
• Sore Mouth
• Loss of appetite
• Fatigue

Radiotherapy

High Beams of radiation onto the tumour area

• Reddening and soreness around the mouth

Dependent on whether hormone treatment is required

Cancer UK Research

Macmillan Nurses

Physical - Hormone imbalance, lower fertility levels, lack of interest in sex

Intellectual - Lacks concentration, learns more about disease

Emotional - Confident about chances of beating it (95%), feel less of a man, anxiety, depression, anger, afraid, sadness

Social - Affects relationship with partner/family/friends, engaged in health promotion activities

Finacial - May need to leave work/ salary affected, has to leave work and relies on benefits or family members, car parking charges

The risk of developing leukaemia is increased by:

• Radiation exposure
• Smoking
• Previous cancer and treatment for cancer
• Blood disorders that damage the bone marrow

• Frequent infections
• Fatigue
• Easy shortness of breath
• Easy bleeding and bruising
• Pale Skin

Often there are no symptoms at first and only a blood test can tell. When symptoms appear they may be vague and non-specific, similar to a flu-like illness

• Doctor will carry out a physical examination - Lymph nodes
• CT Scan
• Blood test
• A sample of bone marrow, taken from the hip with a needle
• Lumbar puncture, takes fluid for analysis

• Chemotherapy
• Radiotherapy
• Bone Marrow or Stem Cell implants
• Growth Factors ( substances that stimulate the bone marrow to make bloodcells

Chemotherapy

Tablet, injection or infusion into the vein directly

Radiotherapy

High dose of controlled radiation to kill cancerous cells, to treat advanced cases that have spread to the nervous system/ brain, to prepare the body for a bone marrow transplant

Side Effects:

• Feeling tired and weak all the time
• Skin rashes
• Hair Loss
• Feeling/ being sick/ loss of appetite
• Nausea

The person recieving the transplant will first have a aggressive high-dose chemotherapy and radiotherapy to destroy any cancerous cells. Transplantations have better outcomes if the donor has the same tissue type as the person requiring the transplant.

There are no specific lifestyle changes:

• Eat a healthy diet
• Balance rest and activities
• Avoid exposure to pathogens
• Avoid contact sports as blood clotting and bleeding can occur

• 24 hour careline
• Finacial assistance
• Info and Booklets
• Conferences
• Care
• Macmilllan Nurses

Physical - Less physical activity, may not be able to play sports such as rugby, discomfort

Intellectual - Lack of concerntraion, learn more about their condition

Emotional - Tired, stressed, anxiety, depression

Social - Withdrawn, relationships with family

Finacial - Can't go to work, may have to rely on benefits or family support

Most common sexually transmitted infection in the UK

Chlamydia is caused by the bacteria called chlamydia trachomatis from having unprotected sex with someone who has the disease

You can contract chlamydia through:

• Unprotected vaginal sex
• Unprotected anal sex
• Unprotected sex
• Gentials coming into contact with your partners gentials

Most people who have chlamydia don't notice any symptoms. If you do get signs and symptoms they usually appear between one and three weeks after having unprotected sex with an infected person. For some people the symptoms occur many months later and not until the infection has spread. 

Males:

• Pain when urinating
• Discharge from the tip of the penis (this can be a white, cloudy or watery discharge)
• Pain in the testicles

Females:

• Pain when urinating               
• A change in vaginal discharge
• Pain in the lower abdomen
• Pain and/or bleeding during sex
• Bleeding after sex

Females continued:

• Heavier periods than usual
• If chlamydia is left untreated in women, it can spread to the womb and cause pelvic inflammatory disease which is a major cause of infertility, miscarriage and ectopic pregnancy. 

Male and Females:

• Chlamydia can also infect the eyes, rectum or throat
• If infected smeen or vaginal fluid comes into contact with the eyes it can cause irritation, pain, swelling and discharge the same as conjuctivitis
• Infection in the throat is less common and usually causes no symptoms
• Infection in the rectum can cause discomfort, pain, bleeding or discharge

• Urine Sample
• Occasionally a swab test

Chlamydia is usually treated with antibiotics which are very effective

• Azithromycin (Single Dose)
• Doxycycline (A longer course)

Refrain from sexual intercourse for a week

• Physical - Long term, pelvic pain, can lead to infertility, ectopic pregnancies 

• Intellectual - More educated about sexually transmitted disease, lack of concentration

• Emotional - Embarrasment, denial, frustration, guily

• Social - Relationships affected (abstain from sexual intercourse), may withdraw themselves whilst affected

• Finacial - Low wages due to time off work

The Clap

Gonorrhea is a sexually transmitted infection caused by bacteria

• unprotected vaginal sex
• unprotected anal sex
• unprotected oral sex

It can also be passed from a pregnant woman to her baby

Show up within one week of being infected. Sometimes don't appear until many months later, or until the infection has spread to other parts of the body. 

Males:

• An unusual discharge from the tip of the penis, which may be white, yellow or green
• Pain or a burning sensation when unrinating
• Inflammation of the foreskin
• Pain or tenderness in the testicles or prostrate glands

Females:

• Pain when urinating
• An unusual discharge from the vagina, which may be thick and green or yellow in colour
• Pain or tenderness in the lower abdominal area 
• Bleeding between periods and heavier periods

Males and Females:

• Gonorrhea can also infect the eyes, rectum and throat
• If infected semen or vaginal fluid comes into contact with the eyes it can cause irritation, pain, swelling and discharge the same as conjuctivitis
• Infection in the rectum can cause discomfort, pain, bleeding or discharge
• Infection in the throat is less common and usually causes no symptoms

Men - a urine sample or occasionally a urethal swab

woman - a swob test via internal examination or self-swob via tampon

• Gonorrhoea is treated with a single does of antibiotics
• They are usually given as a injection; can be givena as a pill (treatment is 95% effective)
• Some statins are antibiotic resistant 

refrain form sexual interecourse for a week

• Physical - If untreated it could lead to pelvic inflammatory disease, infertility/damage to reproductive system, long term pelvic pain, higher risk of ectopic pregnancy

• Intellectual - May be unable to concentrate at work, become more educated about STIs/ safe sex

• Emotional - Embarrased, worried, about impact on fertility, feel stressed/down/ upset abput her condition

• Social - She may be withdrawn from friends/isolate herself, no sexual contact/ intimate contact until its clear

What is it?

When the heart stops pumping blood around the body and stops a person from breathing properly.

Not the same as a heart attack, this is when one of the arteries supplying blood to the heart muscle becomes blocked.

• Coronary Heart Disease
• Extreme Blood Loss
• Extreme Body Temperature
• A Heart Attack

• Unresponsive
• No signs of life
• Lose consciousness almost at once

• Defibrillation - needs to happen as soon as possible

• CPR - can double someones chance of survival before defibrillation

• Physical - May weaken the individual

• Intellectual - After recovering from a cardiac arrest a person might lack concentration, Will become more educated about cardiac arrest 

• Emotional - Fear, stress

• Social - May become dependent on friends/family being around to help, may not be interested in social events

• Financial - Time off work means that they loose some wages