Graphics AS Revision
- Created by: Chloeellenxx16
- Created on: 13-05-18 11:41
Production of Wood Pulp
Mechanical Pulp - Soaked in Water and Debarked - Made in the UK, Used for newspaper etc...
- 90% of wood is used, Low Costs.
- Makes Low Quality Paper, low strenght and can yellow.
Chemical Pulp - Debarked and cut down the grain 2cm Chips, Stored in Acid/Alkali to seperated liginin - Not made in the UK, Makes Higher Quality Paper...
- Higher Quality paper, fewer impurities.
- More Waste.
Waste Pulp - Made from recycled paper and board, can be mixed with virgin fibers to make higher quality paper - Makes Low Quality Paper...
- Recycles old paper
- Low Quality paper, cannont keep recycling, still uses lots of energy in processing.
Fourdrinier Process
Wet End - Pulp is Diluted in Water, put in Head Box, Continuous Stream is Pumped through a slit on moving Wire Gauze to Drain Water, Watermarks can be added by Raised Gauze.
Press Section - Rollers wring out Excess Water, Stretched Pulp to Rough Paper, Gap between Rollers is changed to Thickness required.
Dryer Section - Dries using Steam-Heated Rollers, Sizing agents, starches and resins can be added now.
Calender Section - Paper is fed through Rollers to smooth out a continuos Thickness, the Presseure determines the Finish of the Paper.
The paper is then wound onto webs and stored.
Properties of Paper and Board
Choise of Paper is often Decided by -
- The Design Requirments
- The Printing Process
- Economic Considerations
Weight and Size -
- Paper Weight - "GSM" Grams per Square Metre - Classified as Board after 220gsm
- Card and Board - Measured in Microns/Micrometers
- Thickness of Card and Board - Measured in PLY
Common Drawing Papers -
- Layout Paper - 50gsm, Thin and Translucent, allows tracing through to another sheet, relitevely expensive.
- Tracing Paper -60-90gsm, Thin and Transparent, Pale Grey, Preferred by Draughtsmen, Heavier Weight can be Expensive.
Properties of Paper and Board
- Copier Paper - 80gsm, Lightweight, Used for Printing and Photocopying, General use, Available in Colours, Inexpensive when in Bulk.
- Cartridge Paper - 120-150gsm, Creamy White, Slight Texture, Good Drawing Paper, Opaque, More Expensive than Copier.
Commercial Printing Papers -
- Bond Paper - 50gsm+, High Quality, Often Watermarked, Letterhead Paper or Paper for Electronic Printers, Made from Rag Pulp, Inexpensive when in Bulk.
- Coated paper - 70-300gsm, Covered for Smooth Surface Finish, used for High Quality Printing, Available in Gloss...Matte...Satin or Silk, Relatively expensive.
Commercial Card and Board -
- Recycled Card - 220gsm+, Made from % of Waste Pulp, Environmentally Friendly, Disposable, Low Quality, Flecked Apperance, Can be Coloured, Inexpensive.
- Mounting Board - 1000-1500 Microns, Thick Board, Coloured one side, used to Mount Work on, High Quality, Strong and Rigid, Expensive.
Properties of Paper and Board
Cartonboards -
Used in Reatil Packaging, High Quality, High Speed Printing...Cutting...Creasing and Gluing.
- Folding Box Board - Top...Bleached Virgin Pulp, Middle...UnBleached, Inside Layer...Bleached. Used in Food Packaging, Good for Scoring, Bending, Creasing, Printing and is Inexpensive.
- Corrugated Board - Fluted Paper Layer between two paper Liners, used as Protective Packaging for Fragile Goods...Boxes etc, Impact Resistant and Strong, Recyclable, Low Cost.
- Solid White Board - Pure Bleached Wood Pulp, Packaging for frozen foods or Pharmaceuticals, Strong and Rigid, Good Printing Surface, Expensive.
- Foil-Lined Board - Laminated foil coating, Foil in Matte...Gloss...Gold or Silver, Used in Cosmetic Cartons, Pre Packed Food, Visual Impact, Moisture Barrier, Expensive.
Metals
Ferrous Metals - Mainly Iron, includes small additions of other materials, almost all are Magnetic.
Non-Ferrous Metals - Contain no Iron, are not Magnetic.
Alloys - Mixing 2+ Metals and Sometimes other Elements, Producing Metals with enhanced Properties.
Advantages of Metals in Commercial Packaging -
- Added Security - Not changed unless obvious
- Variety of Standard Sizes eg Drinks Cans
- Can be directly Printed onto - Effective Point of Sale
Aluminium -
- Strong, Lightweight, Easy to Mould, Pure Metal, Eaily Recycled, Does not Rust.
- Alumina is Extracted from Bauxite, Electrolysed - uses lots of Metal.
- Does not loose its Quality, Saves Energy and is Sustainable.
Metals
Tin -
- From Tin Oxide, Smelted by Reductionswith Carbon in a Reverberatory Furnace.
- Able to Mix with majority of other Metals.
- Low Melt Point - Essential Ingredient in Soldering.
- Non Toxic, Doesnt Corrode - Ideal for Steel in Food Cans.
Steel -
- Usually in the Form of a TinPlate, Lightweight, Easily Recycled and Easily Moulded.
- Produced from Iron Ore, takes lots of Energy to Convert, Has to Heat in Furnace at High Temperature, Magnetic making it Easy to Sort in Recycling Plants.
Metals
Alloys -
Stainless steel - 87% Carbon Steel (Strength) - 13% Chromium (Resistance and Wear). Over 150 Grades Available. Used in Cutlery, Jewelry, Cookware and Building Construction.
- Resistant to Corrosion, Rust and Staining. High Quality Surface Finish, Low Maintanece, 100% Recyclable.
- Relatively Expensive, Hard to Machine.
Duralumin - 93.5% Aluminium (Strength/Lightness) - 4.4% Copper (Strength) - 1.5% Magnesium as Alloying Agent - 0.6% Maganese to Remove Oxygen.
-
Good Strength to Weight Ratio, Hard/Tough, Highly Resistant to Corrosion Cracking, Machines/Casts well, High Performance in Extreme Temperatures.
-
Can Suffer from Corrosion, Becomes Brittle through Fatigue.
Polymers
Polymers in Commercial Packaging -
Thermoplastics - used in Packaging, when Heated can Form into many Shapes Permenantly, can be Remoulded (Easily Recycled).
- Lightweight, Versitile, Strong, Durable, Impact and Water Resistant, Easily Formed and Remoulded, Easy to Print on, Inexpensive, Recyclable.
Styrofoam in Modelling -
- Is used for Insulating Buildings but also useful for Modelling. It is Rigid, High Compressive Strength, Easy to Cut and Shape with Hand Tools, can be Sanded for Smooth Finish.
- Can change quality with Layers of Plaster, Sanding smooth or using spray paints.
- Available in Range of Thicknesses, Easily Glued with PVA and can be Painted for Quality.
- It is Weak, Breaks Easily, Can be Dented or Ripped by Filing.
Polymers
PET - Carbonated Drinks Bottles, Highly Flavoured Food, Microwavable Food Trays.
- No Flavour, Crystal Clear Look, Tough, Light.
HDPE - Unbreakable Bottles (Detergents etc...) Thin Packaging Sheets.
- Resistant to Chemicals, Barrier to Water, Decorative when Coloured, Lightweight, Rigid.
PVC - Packaging Toiletries, Pharmaceutical Products, Food/Juice/Confectionery.
- Weather Resistant, Chemical Resistant, Strong, Tough, Manufactured Flexible/Rigid.
LDPE - Cling Film, Milk Carton Coatings.
- Chemical Resistant, Barrier to water, Tough, Decorative when Coloured, Flexible.
PP - Food Packaging, Yougurt Pots, Sweet/Snack Wrappers, Laminating Board/Paper.
- Lightweight, Rigid, Chemical Resistant, Versitile, Impact Resistance.
PS - (Rigid) CD Cases, Transparent, Rigid, Lightweight, Low Water Absorption. (Expanded) Egg Cartons, Meat Trays, Cups, Impact Resistance, Insulator, Durable, Light.
Polymers
Acrylic -
- Tradenames Include Plexiglas and Perspex.
- Cast into Sheets also Available in Rods, Self Finishing.
- Wide Range of Uses.
- Withstands Extreme Weather, Chemical Resistant, Durable, Easy to fabricate, Aesthetics.
- Clear/Frosted/Coloured, Low Cost, Lightweight, Substitute for Glass.
- Brittleness, Low Scratch Resistance, Cracks Easily, Can Snap Easily.
Environmental Concerns -
- Sustainability, Made from Oil - Running out, Consumes lots of Energy - Producing Pollution.
- Disposing is Hard - Doesn't Degrade well. Cannot Incinerate - Toxic Fumes.
- Recycling and Sorting can be Slow and Labour Intensive. Can be Unprofitable.
Wood
Hardwoods -
- Produced from Broad Leaved Trees with enclosed Seeds e.g. Oak, Mahogany, Beech, Ash.
- Commonly grown in Warmer Climates - Taking 100 Years to reach Maturity.
- Tough and Strong
- Decorative Finish
- Expensive due to Age and Location also High Quality, Except Balsa Wood.
Softwoods -
- Produced from cone-bearing Conifers - Needle Like Leaves
- Grow Quicker there for cheaper
- Easier to work with, Lightweight - Suitable for Modelling.
- Contain a Grain, Harder to Block Model with.
Composites
Composites - 2+ Materials combined by bonding - Improving Mechanical, Functional and Aethetic Properties.
Glass Reinforced Plastics (FiberGlass) -
- From Epoxy Resin reinforced by fine Fibers of Glass (Woven), Plastic for Compressive Strength and Glass for Tensile Strength.
- Resin (liquid) has Hardener added and becomes solid. Glass provides structure, Resin and Additives bonds Fibers together.
- Can be made Smooth by High Polished Mould - Once side Polished, Other Side Rough.
- Canoes, Rides, Fish Ponds.
- Strength:Weight Ratio, Resistant to Corrosion, Water Resistant, Colours, Repaired Easily.
- Expensive, Specialised Manufacturing Process, High Quality Mould Needed.
Composites
Carbon Fiber -
- More Recent, Using Carbon Fibers.
- Filaments woven in Different Directions to form Fabric.
- Much Stronger than GRP - used for High Preformance Structures.
- Used in Sports equiptment - Rackets, Fishing Rods, Bicycle Frames and Wheels.
- Very Expensive, Only Black, Cannot be Repaired or Recycled Easily.
Medium Density Fiberboard -
- From Wood Chips - Heat/pressure added to make Fluffy/Soft Pulp + Synthetic Resin Adhesive Bond Fibers. Heat Pressed.
- Flat Packed Furnitur, General Joinery Work etc...
- Less Expensive, available in Large Sheets, No Grain, Strength Consistant.
- Heavy, Requires Finish, Swells when Waterlogged, Warps if not Sealed, Irritates Eyes.
Modern Materials and Products
Liquid Crystal Displays -
- Carbon based Compounds, when Voltage applied and Light hits it appears Dark
- In Digital Clocks, LCD Display - 7 digit display.
- Small Current Needed - Portable.
- Now Full Colour LCD - Laptops (Pixels Red, Green and Blue Filters)
Phosphorescent Pigments -
- Absorbe Energy during Day release at Night. Not Radioactive.
- Can be Manufactured into Polymers - Glow in the Dark.
Electroliminescent Lighting (EL) -
- Converts Electrical Energy to Light.
- Extremely Low Power Consumption
- Backlights for LCD displays or Advertising.
- Paper thin Wires, Strips, Panels - Applied to Designs - Bus Shelters, Sides of Buses, Billboards.
- Water proof, High Visibility, Reliable.
Smart Materials
Thermochromic Liquid Crystals -
- Forehead Thermometers (Flat Ones)
- Conductive Ink Printed on, with Temperature Gauge on Top in Normal Ink, on Top is a Thermochromic layer (Black when Cool).
- Available in Graphics revealed with Heat and sometiems a Fridge.
Piezoelectric Crystals -
- Expands/Contracts when Electric applied - Mechanical stress into Electrical Signals.
- Crystal recieves Charge causes Vibrate inwards, Force ink out, Pull ink into Reservoir.
- Example - Inkjet Printers.
Smart Ink -
- Designed to mimic ordinary Ink on Paper, Electronic Paper designed to overcome Limitions Computer Screens - looking like normal Paper.
- Used in such as a Kindle - only use power when page is refreshed.
- Each pixel is a tiny point with black and white beads, White is Positive and Black is Negative.
Smart Materials
Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) -
- Uses Tags on Products to Store Data - Often used to Track Pallets of Production (Librarys)
- Based on Reception Radio Frequency between Transmitter/Transponder.
- Available in Active and Passive Forms
Active Transponders -
- Battery Powered
- Expensive
- Have Limited Lifetime
Passive Transponders -
- Power needed for Electromagnetic Signals
- Strength falls Quickly
- Pallet Tracking
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