Globalisation

Globalisation: a process of global integration of economies, politics, products, ideas and other cultural aspects 

Global Culture: people from the same culture sharing common values & beliefs for example religion, ethics, morals, language etc. 

Westernisation: the process of global culture being dominated by the USA and Europe 

Cultural Imperialism: dominant cultures enforcing values on less powerful nations 

Democracy: developed society in which everyone has the right to vote 

Individualism: belief that individuals should have the right to pursue dreams

TNC: Trans-National Corporation, companies operating in multiple countries 

Americanism: making/ becoming American in outlook and attitude 

Glocalisation: adapting culture to a specific area e.g. McDonald's special menus 

Global Media Evaluation: adaptations of a programme in a different region e.g. X Factor 

Cultural Diffusion: spreading of cultures through migration

Immigrant: a person who comes to live permanetly in a foreign country  

Emigrant: a person who leaves their home country to settle in another  

Net Migration: difference made by immigration/emigration in one area per year 

Hyper Urbanisation: rapid population growth in urban areas  

Voluntary Migrant: relocating for personal desires e.g. work 

Illegal Migrant: a person who enters a country without the correct documentation  

Global Hubs: 'switched on' places that possess qualities that make other places want to connect with them 

-Hub cities are also known as 'global cities', they are highly influential on the world stage, both politically & economically 

Population movement and global hubs:

numbers of highly skilled immigrants are rising 

International elites; footballers, musicians, actors, financial sector workers, entrpeneurs, politicians 

poor global migrants: not as welcome as skilled workers, exploited by 'human traffickers', take less desirable jobs 

internal migrants: movement within a country, often from rural to urban 

elite international migrants: highly skilled workers, welcomed by governments 

Benefits 

-less desirable jobs taken by economic migrants 

-host country gains skilled labourers 

-creation of multi-cultural society, leads to knowledge and understanding 

-economic growth 

Costs 

-money earned is often sent back to country of origin 

-increased population leads to strain on services 

-illegal migration puts strain on governments 

Sustainability: sustainable development is a form of development which meets the needs of the present generation without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

TNCs: global companies, often with headquarters in HICs and manufacture in LICs 

examples: Google, McDonald's, Ebay, Coca Cola, Apple

-they are agents of global change by linking together groups of countries 

-forge connections between countries by shaping patterns of consumption e.g. Disney 

FDI: Foreign direct investment 

Outsourcing: the delegation of one or more business processes to an external provider

Global Shift: manufacturing moving from US to many Asian countries leading to economic re-emergence for these countries 

3 accellerating factors:  1) open door policies- overseas companies can access markets 

2) TNC's outsourcing manufacture 

3) FDI flowing into emerging countries 

The northern hemisphere is wealthier, specifically the USA, Europe and parts of Australia 

The poorest regions include Africa and Southern America

Switched ON: well connected 

Switched OFF: poorly/not connected 

Why some places remain SWITCHED OFF

PHYSICAL: high vulnerability to climate change, natural hazard, unable to cultivate land, isolated from coast

HUMAN: lack of skills, political isolation (North Korea), ethnic clashes (war)

World Trade Organisation (WTO):

advocates trade liberalisation, based in Switzerland, in favour of untaxed trade 

-again, conditions must be followed, and without tax, goods prices must often be cut to meet competitive markets 

International Monetary Fund (IMF):

based in Washington DC, helps with loans from HICs to LICs - in return they must agree to having free-market economies that are open to outside investment 

-has strict rules and regulations, for example borrowing governments may be required to cut back on health care, education, sanitation & housing programmes 

World Bank: 

based in Washington DC, loans money on a global scale, helps to fight poverty 

-world bank imposes conditions on its loans and grants 

Tariff: tax imposed on imports 

Subsidy: financial assistance from goverment to a business 

Quota: limit on quantity of goods a country allows in 

Protectionism: protects national businesses & workers by restricting/regulating trade with foreign nations 

Free market economy: market based on supply/demand with little governmental control 

Free trade: no tariffs, subsidies, quotas imposed by a government 

Privitisation: from public ownership into private ownership, run for profit 

Neoliberalism: political philosophy of free markets, trade, privitisation and increasing the roles on businesses in society, while decreasing government influence, to make trade easier and lead to more wealth and less poverty 

CORRUPTION: make it difficult for TNCs to operate, increased risk of losses

LACK OF GOVERNMENT SUPPORT: harder for TNCs to gain incentives e.g. tax incentives 

DEBT: government spending towards debt means other sectors fall short e.g. schools 

POLITICALLY UNSTABLE: civil wars & unstable governments increase risk of loss for TNCs 

NEGATIVE IMAGE: LICs often have a bad image which makes investment less likely 

UNSKILLED LABOUR FORCE: most of population is unskilled due to education cuts 

WEAK MARKET: low wages inhibit the positive multiplier effect from starting 

UNSTABLE CURRENCIES: rapidly changing exchange rate also increase loss risk for TNCs

CRIME: physical threats to TNCs 

POOR INFRASTRUCTURE: trade is lacking due to few regular flights and shipping operators 

Lengthening: new links between places that are far apart (shrinking world)

Faster: faster communication, faster travel 

Deepening: cheaper travel means everyone can 'live globally'

Important transport innovations include:

-Steam power 

-Railways 

-Telephone and telegraph

-Jet aircrafts 

-Container shipping 

Time-Space compression: faster travel times, places appear closer together than in the past known as the shrinking world effect

Developments that accelerated the shrinking world:

transport & trade: e.g. steam power, jet aircrafts, containerisation & telephones

Influence of technology:

SOCIAL: allows people to maintain long-distance relationships

CULTURAL: language and music shared online 

POLITICAL: social networking raises awareness about political issues 

ECONOMIC: businesses can expand and communicate with workers abroad 

Technology is used in a variety of ways to contribute to globalisation:

-telephone & telegraph

-Broadband & fibre-optics

-GIS and GPS

-Internet, social media, skype 

how does it create a shrinking world?

-phone calls worldwide keep people connected, allow businesses to communicate and expand 

-GIS and GPS used globally, tracking parcels for example 

-broadband allows people to send emails worldwide 

Ethical Consumption Schemes:

Fairtrade: 

guaranteed fair, higher prices for famers even with market change to allow for development 

Supply chain monitoring:

monitoring exploitation of workers for example in sweatshops, ensuring conditions are up to standards 

NGO action: 

charities to aid and improve conditions for workers e.g. farmers 

Government action: 

e.g. in the UK, recycling, plastic bag charge, 'Boris Bikes'

3 goals of sustainability 

ECONOMIC: individuals & communities should have access to reliable income over time 

SOCIAL: all individuals should enjoy a reasonable quality of life 

ENVIRONMENTAL:  no lasting damage done to environment, resources to be managed 

Local Sourcing: sourcing resources locally to reduce cost & environmental impact 

POSITIVES:

-good for local suppliers, lower costs, less environmental damage

NEGATIVES: 

-possible resistance to change, competition between local suppliers 

HIGH INCOME- Sweden, UK, Japan

MIDDLE INCOME- Ukraine, Russia, India 

LOW INCOME- Sudan, Ethiopia, Afghanistan

OPEC:  oil & petroleum exporting countries 

OECD: organisation for economic co-operation & development 

G8: 8 most highly industrialised countries 

3 key factors of development:

economic growth, governance & education