•Gibson 1955 – pilots could land a plane using the information present in the optic array (horizon, texture, movement). •Time-to-contact: speed & distance can be judged using direct visual info alone. Lee et al 1982 – videotaped long jumpers, they varied their final stride length to make sure their foot was in the right place for take off. •Lee et al 1980 Gannets can judge when to close wings, bottom up processing accounts for their estimate of speed etc as they dive. •Johansson 1973 lights on body, P’s could tell movement from the changing array of lights (babies & animals could too)
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