1. Hyrdaulic action: Any air trapped within cracks, joints and bedding planes is temporarily placed under intense pressure due to waves breaking onto the cliffs. When the waves retreat, the pressure is then released with extreme force which may aid in the weakening of the rock.
2. Corrasion: A breaking wave can fling pebbles and shingles against a coast and and as a result may erode/abrade it.
3. Attrition: Wearing down of broken material into smaller rounded particles.
4. Solution: This process involves the dissolving of limestones and other minerals by carbonic acid in sea water. The source of the acidity is from organisms such as barnacles and limpets as they secrete organic acids.
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