Geography unit 4: Tourism - case studies
- Created by: Julie Simpkin
- Created on: 15-06-14 19:20
Trump Golf Course
LEISURE
Positives:
- Creates jobs - increased income = improved economy (more spending and tax)
- Only 200 jobs created of the 6000 promised (Independent, 2013)
- Money made can be spent conserving the environment and in management strategies
Negatives
- Construction requires money, resources and energy
- Environmental consequences - cut off and damage to unique sand dunes (environmentally sensitive areas) - (Independent, 2013)
- Course affects SSSI
Need to manage the attraction to prevent the carrying capacity being exceeded, which would damage the resilience of the area
Jordan
ECOTOURISM - attempts tot minimise environmental impacts and promote cultural and ecological understanding (Dunn et al, 2009)
Positives:
- Revenue of $250,000 made in 3 years
- 55 jobs created
Negatives
- Potential for conflict between visitors and locals - different priorities/needs
- Needs to be carefully managed to maintain the local culture and keep all different groups happy - Doxey's irritation model
Doxey's irritation model - locals may get increasingly irritated by the potential expansion of tourism (numbers of visitors and developments) in the area ultimately leading to a loss of their culture of degrades their environmental quality
Peak District and Lake District National Park
LEISURE 14.8 million people visit the Lake District every year
Positives
- Creates jobs - 2000 jobs created in the Peak District (hotel work, catering, shops)
- Increased income - Peak District - £225 milion made directly to local economy (Peakdistrict.gov)
- Income used for management and maintaining resilience of area
Negatives
- Trampling of footpaths (walkers and bikers) - damage ecosystems - enhanced by number of visitors - more than 16 million people live within 1 hour of the Peak District (Peakdistrict.gov)
- Fires caused by visitors with cigarettes and BBQs - damage biodiversity (BBC News - 2011)
- Increased number of cars in area causing pollution and overcrowding - 85% of visitors go by car
Machu Picchu
TOURISM
Benefits:
- Economically - Increased income
- Socially - improved standards of education
- Health of population increased - access to medical treatment and improved diet
- Improved infrastructure - new railway benefited locals and tourists
Negatives:
- Conflict between different groups (govts, conservationists, locals)
- Locals and tourists especially as their needs differ (Doxey's irritation model)
- Threat of crowding and congestion (pollution) increased due to fragility of ecosystems
- Management strategies have helped - Inca Trail protected, number of people allowed on trail limited to 500 a day, increased fee to hike to $50, compulsory to trek with registered guides (Geofile 561 - Recreation Tourism and the Carrying Capacity)
Galapagos Islands
TOURISM Number of tourists visiting the area increased significantly from 40,000 in 1990 to 145,000 in 2006
Negative impacts:
- Fragile ecosystem - home to endangered endemic species
- Easily destroyed by boat anchors, demand for public services, increasing infrastructure and invasive species (Goats - BBC documentary - Lonesome George
Management Strategies
- Park rules - not touching, handling or feeding animals, no litter is left, stay in permitted areas and with a licenced guide
- Galapagos Conservation Trust (GCP) - non-profit organisation dedicated to raising funds for the protection and conservation of the Galapagos
- Sustainable and ethical tourism measures
- (Galapagosislands.org)
Antarctica
TOURISM Fragile environment
Exploration of humans in the area has had significant impacts
Negatives:
- Vulnerablre and endemic species have been hunted to the verge of extinction
- Soil contamination, sewage spillage into the sea and people leaving rubbish (Antarctica.gov)
- Scientists and tourists may possess bacteria and organisms that could be devastating to the native species that lack immunity (Telegraph and discoveringantarctica.org)
Management strategies: Protection treaty - state rules governing human activities in area
Butler model - currently at discovery stage - if it continues to develop and follow the model, pristine environment lost
Methodology
- Different sources
- Books - Edexcel A2 Geography
- Websites, particularly news sites e.g. BBC news and Independent
- Can be bias due to political stance e.g. Telegraph more Conservative/right wing but others not biased e.g. Independent and views can be balanced using Newspapers with differing politcal stances
- TV Programmes - documentaries - BBC on Galapagos and Panorama
Included these sources as they are reliable e.g. from .gov and .org websites or work that has been peer reviewed or done by experts , unbiased (when possible) and topical information when possible
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