geography theme 3 case studies

causes

• 26 million tonnes of SO2 emitted 
• worlds biggest acid rain polluter 
• NOx emissions increased 50% between 1995 and 2005 

impacts 

• threatening foodchains in lakes and cropslands
• acidify soil reduce yield 
• crop growers and fish farmers struggle 
• 400,000 people die every year due to air pollution diseases
• desertification- loss of vegetation protection 

solutions 

• gov. shut 100's of inefficient coal-fired plants 
• SO2 monitoring systems- factory scrubbers 
• kyoto protocol- China is at the stage that Uk was at late 20th century 

• location: Bhopal, India - centre, edge of large lake, capital region 1.4+ million pop.
• multinational company 
• plant built 1969- employs 700 people 
• used to make batteries now makes pesticides 

december 1984 

causes 

• systems failed and gov and company tried to cover up- deny responsibilty 
• cost- halved workforce and cheap steel 
• villagers starved and had no compensation 

effects 

• year later - protest 
• temp was rising in factory to 610 degrees celcius 
• gas hit villagers burnt lungs, eyes and nose 
• 2500+ died 
• MIC poison 

trade blocs problems 

• price farmers get is so low due  to way of trade on world market 
• income fluctuates and farmers dont earn fair wage

ghana cocoa 

• 75 % exported to european union
• beans ground to cocoa powder and sent to other EU countries- UK, austria, belgium 
• only 8p of a chocolate bar goes to farmers- 28p to chocolate company 

fair trade 

• farmers agree and stable pay 
• fair trade premium- farmers get additional pay 

kuapa Kokoo cooperative 

• offers premiums 
• training farmers to deal with pests 
• members borrow money from bank 
• farmers elect member who makes the official deals 

• footloose- not tied to specific location/ not orientated to anything 
• location: near uni, endge of city, green field, East Anglia, city's northern by-pass
• high tech industry and research and development 

what it aims to provide 

• high quality labs, industries 
• close link to cambridge uni 
• 1997 microsoft invested £50 million into research and devlopment 

what makes it good location 

• development space, easy access (M11, airports, trains), nice environment, car park

benefits/drawbacks for cambridge 

• house prices rise/house prices rise 
• employs 1/4 of cambridge workers/traffic 
• other companies move to cambridge (multiplier affect)/green belt 
• called 'silicon fen' because it has lots of quaternary industries 

timeline of development 

• 1869- suez canal opened Europe and Mediterranean sea to red sea and far east 
• 1942- japanese take over and invade - defence location for UK and USA
• 1946- british rule and chinese communities fight for independence 
• 1956- self-gov 
• 1963- become part of malaysia fed.
• 1965- fully independent 

land use 

• purpose-built industrial estates- near housing for workforce
• jurong port- largest concentration of industry (steel work,petro chemicals,) busiest in world- 700 ships in port 
• science park- funded for research and development 
• offshore islands to the south- oil refining areas- imported and seperated- supplies petro chemicals to jurong 

location 

• south britain, close to port and london 
• good transfer links- motorways/main roads, railways 
• markets in Bath and London 

advantages

• cheap land, villagers to work, expansion,
• brownfield sites, business park already placed in 

disadvantaes 

• villagers object, narrow and winding roads, only factories close are old(1960's), 

interdependence- complex patterns of trade, communication and aid linking countries 

jeans

• source: pakistan, australia, japan 
• manufacturing: japan, pakistan, germany, france
• making and finishing: france, spain, turkey,UK
• design and branding: USA
• sold: UK 

who benefits:

• UK and USA receive highest profit - well educated and good working conditions 

who loses out:

• manufacturing- not much profit given low wage-  poor working conditions, uneducated so unaware of poor pay and desperate need for work 

rise of industry in area:

• 3 types of rock- limestone, iron ore and coal 
• easy access and valleys so coal industries already underground 
• ports- swansea and cardiff 
• assured market- british empire 

fall of industry in area

• competition of other countries- British empire collapsed 
• raw materials run out and alternatives found 

location change for new industry

• raw materials now imported and ports and docks handle this 
• steelworks closer to water- coolant 
• steelworks integrated plants- all processes on site 
• steelworks- at break of bulk sites reducing overhead costs 

• china's growth forecast raised in 2009 from 6% to 7%
• rest of world expected to shrink in GDP by 3%
• A £356 Billion stimulus package has helped the economy in this growth, 
•  exports are still down as the world accommodates the cut backs of the financial crisis

problems with chinas growth 

• accumulates huge environmental cost- affects people and countries reputation 
• 1/4 global coal reserves found here- over took USA as CO2 emitters and coal consumers 
• 400,000 people die of pollution related diseases every year 
• 1/3 affected by acid rain 

impacts on rest of the world 

• £6 billion loan to Shanghai cooperation oragnisation whom it is a part of to aid the other countries economic growth 
• China is Russia’s second largest trade partner after Europe, with total trade between the two nations being over $80Billion. 
• These increased links are being seen as an attempt to increase energy influence and energy security