GEOGRAPHY CHAPTER 3

Growth in cities because:

• rural - urban migration
• healthcare improved
• death rate fell
• people live longer
• reduced infant mortality

Features of town/city centers:

• expensive land
• high rise buildings
• multifunctional buildings
• traffic, congested
• social places
• few homes
• little manufacturing
• companies

Edge of central area is inner city:

• housing
• old factories
• brownfield sites
• carparks
• high rise flats

inner core - offices and department stores

core - bars restaurants

framework - offices and schools

inner city - car parks, housing, derelict sites

outside this it is cheaper land

Zone of discard: rundown and decaying

Zone of Assimulation: busy sort after area

What affects transport in city centers?

• increase in cars
• narrow roaads
• urban areas increased
• increase in people
• increase in huge lorries

Problems: Air pollution, traffic congestion, slower speed of travel, accidents to pedestrians in increased congestion, poor environment, slow public transport, parking

managing Traffic:

• computerised traffic lights - speed up
• parking restrictions
• one way systems
• traffic pricing - congestion zone
• pedestrian areas
• buses and trams run on gas which reduces air pollution
• ring roads - M25

Changes to travel methods:

• Park and ride
• cycleway networks
• car sharing
• bus lanes
• better transport
• increase car travel costs
• school run alternatives

Inner city problems

social = single parent families, ethnic and students, cant afford to move, lack of money skills, high levels of illness and disease, drugs, crime, poor policing

Economic = poverty, unemployment, low wages, low skilled work, lack of facilities

Environmental = pollution, lack of green open space, old decaying terraces

Shopping has moved away from the city center EG bluewater, taking trade from the city centers

Town centers : drugs, violence, drunkeness, night clubs, pubs restaurants, bars

London Docklands:

• area of decline 1980 dock closed no jobs
• now high rise building , centers of commerce, flats, appartments
• DLR link to london
• marina
• jobs
• expensive
• old residents have to move away due to wrong skilled jobs and high prices