Geography - Physical model answer notes 1.0 / 5 based on 1 rating ? GeographyCoastal zonesCase studiesNational 5SQA Created by: TheHaremakerCreated on: 05-04-18 15:39 Cliffs and Wave cut platforms Hard rock eroded by constant thrashing of waves. Erosion concentrated at base of cliff cuts a wave cut notch. Over-hanging cliff collapses New wave-cut notch causes coastline to retreat, leaving a wave-cut platform of gently sloping rock. 1 of 10 Caves, Arches and Stacks Corrasion and hydraulic action erode cracks in headland, forming a cave. Waves erode either side of headland due to wave refraction. Waves cut through headland leaving an arch. Arch roof weakens by weathering and erosion at the base. Rock collapses, leaving a pillar of isolated rock. 2 of 10 Beaches Buffer zone Consists of loose material that has been deposited. Composed of rock fragments from eroded cliffs. Shape - wave energy, steepness and seasons of the year. Wide and flat/steep and narrow. Smallest material is deposited near water, larger material further back. 3 of 10 Spits Accumulation of sand sticking out into sea. Large amounts of sediment transported via longshore drift, coastline suddenly changes direction. Material builds up above sea level. Wind direction changes - waves force material inland, creating a curved end. Salt marsh forms behind. Sandpit across bay forms a sand bar with a lagoon behind. If sand goes into open water and reaches an island, a tombolo is formed. 4 of 10 Corrie Snow accumulates in North facing hollows. Compressed into dense glacial ice. Moves downhill due to gravity. Rotational sliding deepens base by abrasion. Plucking and freeze-thaw create a steep jagged back wall. Ice retreats Corrie lake 5 of 10 Truncated Spurs Straight course, eroding obstacles. Spurs of rock were eroded by abrasion and plucking. 6 of 10 Hanging Valleys Tributary glaciers fed into main valley. Smaller and contained less ice, so eroded less. Hang above main valley. Often marked by a waterfall. 7 of 10 Arete Snow collects in adjacent hollows on North Facing slopes Compacted into glacial ice. Plucking steepens backwalls where pressure melting and refreezing plucks rock away. Freeze-thaw causes rocks to fall off meaning further retreat. Adjacent backwalls retreat into each other. 8 of 10 Pyramidal Peak Several aretes on same mountain. Central peak where aretes radiate out from. 9 of 10 U-shaped valley Formed in a corrie, glacier moves downhill. Moved down v-shaped river valley. Ice was more ersoive so deepened, widened and bull-dozed a straighter U-shape. Abrasion - deepened and straightened. Plucking - steep sides. Misfit stream post glaiation. Ribbon lake left in deepest parts where ice eroded more deeply. 'dam of terminal moraine'. 10 of 10
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