Gender

McConaghy (1979)

Children shown line drawing - judged doll to be female despite being able to see male genital through dress

+ External reliability

- Lacks ecological validity

- Western culture --> Ethnocentric bias, population validity

- Contradictory evidence (Sandra Bem) - Genital knowledge

40% could conserve gender , but of those who didnt 77% failed gential knowledge test

- Reductionist/ Deterministic / self report measures (cognitive)

Campbell

• Visual preference technique
• Babies aged three months, nine months, eighteen months
• 3 month old babies showed minor preference for watching same sex
• By 9 months-boys preffered to look at and watch 'boys toys'
• Supports idea babied develop schemas before they speak and schemas drive child to focus on their gender groups

+External reliability

-Western babies

Tenenbaum and Leaper (2002)

• Meta-analysis supports GST
• Positive correlation between parents' gender schema and childs gender schema

+10,193 participants - high population validity

-Western countries

-Cognitive approach/Reductionist/deterministic/self report methods used