Gender Theorists

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What are the names of the main gender theorists ?

1. dominance

- Zimmerman and West

- Grice

2. deficit 

- Robin Lakoff

- O'Barr and Atkins

- Deborah Jones

- Pamela Fisherman

3. difference 

- Trudgill 

- Deborah Tannon 

- Kuiper

- Goffman 

- Brown and Levinson 

- Pilkington 

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What is 'face theory'?

1. Erving Goffman - created 'face theory' saying it is how you present yourself to others 

2. Brown and Levinson - developed idea of positive and negative politeness as well as face threatening acts

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How did Deborah Jones categorise women's speech?

1. chatting - intimate conversation 

2. house talk - exchanging information 

3. scandal - judging someone

4. bitching - speaking ill of someone in a higher social class 

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What were Deborah Tannon, Kuiper and Pilkington's

Tannon - men and women have different roles in society and so use language differently 

Kuiper - found the main difference was that men used more insults 

Pilkington - women and men use different language as women use more politeness strategies 

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What was Peter Trudgill's study?

- this was the Norwich study and was about prestige in men and women 

- he found women diverged their language to create overt prestige 

- also found men converged their language to create covert prestige 

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What was Zimmerman and West's theory?

- the dominance theory 

- based on a study at a university 

- found men interrupted and overlapped more, saying this was as a result of male dominance 

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How are Lakoff, O'Barr and Atkins and Pamela Fishe

Lakoff - women use more hedges, quantifiers and tag questions, weakening langauge 

O'Barr and Atkins - looked at courtroom trials, found lower class, less educated people used more, not necessarily women

Pamela Fisherman - agreed women use more but said this was to support men which showed male dominance

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What are Grice's maxims?

1. maxim of quantity - what your saying is lengthy enough 

2. maxim of quality - does it answer the question?

3. maxim of relevance - does the answer relate to the question?

4. maxim of manner - how you say your answer

*if one of the maxims is broken, conversation cannot ensue 

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