GCSE Urban Challenges London

National- 

• River Thames- port
• Leading universities/ resaerch facilities
• Central Givernment and Royal Family
• Heritage and culture- toursim
• 18th century docks- manufacturing industries
• Headquarters of international/ British companies
• Main centre for medical facilities in UK
• Main centre for Media/ communications in UK
• Transport hub

Global-

• One of two most important financial centres
• Attracts migrants with high and low paid jobs
• Headquarters of international companies
• Docks- trade

• 8.5 mil- increased by 7% in last 5 years
• 36% Londoners born abroad
• 42& BAME
• 40% of UKs immigrants in London

Positive- 

• Skilled/ motivated workforce-  £34billion to UKs income
• Enrich culture-Divali
• Businesses- new jobs, 26% doctors immigrants
• Young so tackle ageing population, natural increase
• Contribute to economy
• Study- better jobs to boost economy

Negative- 

• Challenge of intergration- discrimination
• Pressures on services
• Overpopulating- congestion etc

• Urban Sprawl- unplanned growth of urban areas into surrounding countryside
• Brownfield- used, abandoned, awaiting use
• Grenfield- not subjected to urban development
• Green Belt- countryside around urban areas protected to prevent urban sprawl

MET Green Belt-

• 1920s
• Near M25, Heathrow, golf courses
• Too much housing demand in city
• Poor quality land
• Workers commute as cant afford prices or move

Urban Sprawl-

• Building on greenbelt makes prices cheaper
• Building on greenfild ruins habitats, changes culture, pollution
• Lack of housing, commuters increases polution and businesses lose skilled workers
• Need 50,000 new homes per year

Olympic Park located East London, north of Thames, bouroughs: Hackney, Newham, Tower Hamlets.

Before Olympics-

• Dereliction and graffitti 
• Sewage/ polution
• Socaily deprived
• Badly managed environment
• 17.32% long-term illness Newham, 15.49% London
• 36.41% council accommodation Stratford, 17.12% London
• 7.38% unemployment Stratford, 4.36% London

Regeneration-

• £486billion, 10mil under budget
• £1bil to improve East Line
• 3600 apartments- 3.4mil tonnes of CO2
• 150,000 tourists- £9bil

Economic-

• Housing rates increase 800%
• £9bil investment
• Better trasport- Stratford tube station, 2 underground lines
• Total bill £8.77bil- £5bil over budget

Environmental-

• Stadiums 25% recycled materials
• Sustainable/ biodiverse vegetation (4000 trees, 300,000 wetland plants) on 560acres brownfiel
• 3.3miltonnes CO2
• Overseas materials

Social-

• 450 assocciation flats torn down
• Very few jobs created, and many bouroughs still unemployed
• East Village- 2818 affordable falts, eventually 8000

• Central London 07:00- 18:00
• £11.50, fine £65-£195
• 17th February 2003

Positive-

• 2003-2013 £2.6bil- £1.2bil to transport projects
• 2013- 10% reducation in traffic volumes
• More public transport
• Traffic more predicatable, cheaper than petrol- big businesses

Negative-

• Traffic speeds slower
• Levels of congsetion close to pre-charging levels
• Not as much cash as originally hoped
• Capitals streets not transformed
• £4-£5thousand per year, higher taxi fares- small businesses

Green space-

• 40% London green, 11,000 acres managed, natural drainage, decreases respiratory disease, diverse habitats, mental health improved, recreation, permable surfaces asord rain, urban heat island,reduces noise pollution, photosynthesis.

BEDZED- Beddinton Zero Energy Development- Sutton-

• Built 2002
• Segregated recyling bins, natural daylight, meters at eye level, bike storage, green transport strategy, community, triple glazed windows, green roofs, wind cowls, insulation/ renewable energy.
• 56% reduction of carbon emission
• 50% water use reduction