G1 WJEC
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- Created by: tash
- Created on: 13-05-13 17:52
Short-term Climate Change El Nino
- Happens around Christmas roughly x2 per decade
- Warmest sea is west pacific
- This warm water evaporates and causes torrential monsoon storms
- Warm water moves across pacific
- In 2009 brought drought to Australia
- Also affects fishing in Peru
- Warm water brings torrential rains, flash flooding and mudslides to Peru
- When returns to normal is called La Nina
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Long-term Climate Change Milankovitch Cycles
- Cold periods-glacials. Warmer periods-inter-glacials. Approx. 50,000 year cycles.
- OBLIQUITY Currently tilt is 23.5 but varies between 22-24.5 - this gives seasons.
- ECCENTRITY Circular to elliptical orbit due to Jupiter and Saturn gravitational force.
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Evidence for Climate Change
- Instrumental date e.g thermometers. -mainly MEDCs, only since 1850s
- Dendrochronology - study of tree rings
- Glacial retreat e.g Gangotri in the Himalayas
- Phenology - Seasonal changes e.g first snow drop
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Impact of Climate Change on Extreme Weather
- Increased temperatures means more energy in the atmosphere
- Hurricane Sandy in 2012 was the largest recorded
Hurricane Katrina:
- Total cost $150 billion.
- Oil industry affected
- 1500 died
- Levees protecting New Orleans destoryed
- Refugees converged on Superdrone
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Rising Sea Levels Impacts on People
- Thermal expansion.
- Melting of glaciers and polar ice caps
- Tuvalu and Maldives have low lying land and salt water will damage crops and contaminate etc.
- Thames barrier in London completed in 1980
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Variations of Impacts of Climate Change in Differe
The Arctic:
- Ice caps melting, polar bears cannot hunt seals
- Cannot provide for cubs
- Seals reducing due to less fish and marine plants
- Thinner ice means inuits are in danger when fishing
The Sahel
- Includes Chad and Sudan
- Rainfall decreasing, drought, forced to drink dirty water, poor crops, desertification.
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Impacts of Climate Change on UK Society
- Temperature rise of 0.2 celsius per decade + exaggerated weather
- Heat may mean insects from warmer climates bringing diseases such as Malaria
- Rainfall will mean higher rainfall and increased flooding risk
- Although will increase tourism in areas
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Flood Management
Mississppi - Hard engineering
- Levees
- Straightneing or channeling - cutting out meanders
- 200 flood control dams
- Soft egineering e.g afforestation of flood plains
- Mitigation e.g in Shrewsbury river Severn, temporary flood defences put up when flood warnings are high
- Oxfam funding in Bangladesh to put wells on higher ground so water isn't contaminated
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Haiti Earthquake 2010
- Struck near capital Port-au-Prince
- 1.5million homeless
- Government builidngs collapsed, left with no political leadership
- 316,000 died
- Chloera in refugee camps
- Affected infrastructure and development
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Mount St. Helens 1980
- Landslides and pyroclastic flows
- Acres of timber destroyed
- 57 deaths
- Increased tourism in the area
- Ash spread over 8 states affecting crops and air transport
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Beneficial Impacts of Tectonic Activity
- Sustainable geothermal energy in Iceland - geisers also bring tourism
- Mt. Versuvius in Italy is a tourist attraction
- Soils produced by weathering of volcanic ash are rich in nutrients
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Boscastle Floods 2004
- Hydrograph with short time lag and high peak discharge
- Rivers Valency and Jordon join further upstream, doubling the discharge
- Impermeable rocks meant more surface run-off
- Steep valleys encouraged rapid run-off
- Village built on narrow valley floor
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Bangladesh
- Low-lying country with 3 major rivers - Ganges, Meghna and Brahmaputra, large delta
- Monsoon climates bring yearly floods helping harvests
- Snow melt from Himalayas
- Deforestation reduces interception
- Climate change increases snowmelt
- Urbanisation on flood plain reduces infiltration
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