Aged 10-13 went commited first crime, 91% were reconvicted
'Persisters'- high daring, delinquent sibling, young mother, low popularity, disrupted family
Early prevention is essential
Risk factors- criminal in the family, poor child rearing, poor school performance
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Upbringing- Sutherland (learning from others)
Criminal behaviour is learned
Criminal behaviour is learned through interaction
Learning occurs within intimate personal groups
Learning includes techniques in commiting crime
They are favourable to the violation of law
Association with criminal vs non criminals can vary
Direction of motives learned from legal codes (how to play them)
Learning by association with criminal and anticriminal patterns involving mechanisms to commiting crime
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Upbringing- Wikstrom and Tafel (poverty and neighb
Propensity indused
Youths (year 10's) have a propensity to offend
Lifestyle dependent
High risk factors: weak school bonds
Youths are average in terms of social adjustment
High risk: time around peers and delinquent peers
Situationally indused
Lifestyle exposes them to high levels of situational risk e.g. substance abuse
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Cognition- Yochelson and Samenow (criminal thinkin
To understand the makeup of the criminal personality
255 males from various backgrounds
52 thinking patterns- Criminals are: restless, set themselves apart from others, want to live a life of excitement, are habitualy angry, lack empathy, feel under no obligation to anyone
Most dropped out: 30 completed to programme of interviews
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Cognition- Kohlberg (moral development)
Based on Piaget
58 boys- Chicago aged 7, 10, 13, 16
2 hour interview
Younger boys were at stages 1 and 2
Older boys were at stages 3 and 4
No support for stage 6
Thornton and Reid- criminals who commit for financial gain show more immature reasoning
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Cognition- Gudjonsson and Bownes (attribution of b
Relationship between type of crime commited and attributions offenders make
80 criminals- Northern Ireland (divided into groups dependent on crime)
Sexual offenders- most remorse
External attribution- highest for violent offenders and lowest for sexual offenders
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Biology- Raine (antisocial and aggression in child
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