F762 growth of tourism case studies

• outbound tourism 5M (1993) --> 31M (2005)
• 2020 predicted to be 4th largest source at 100M 
• 16.6M emploed in tourism industry inc. GDP by 2.5% (mulitplier effect)

REASONS

economic 

• rising incomes due to manufacturing incomes cause people to spend + save more (inc. disposable income) + more FDI (approved destination status ADS)

social 

• oversea tourism socially popular (specific ADS marketing) + improved marketing of attractions (great wall, shopping malls, skyscrapers) 

political 

• 129 countries now ADS - relaxed gov. restrictions 

• east atlantic sea off west coast of Africa - largest of canary islands (2000km2 800,000 pop.)
• sub tropical climate - all year desitination (Dec. 18 d.c + July 25 d.c)
• NORTH = biodiverse ecotourism     
• SOUTH = dry + in rain shadow (volcanic beaches - sand imported)

1960s+ (mass tourism in south) :

ECONOMIC BENEFITS = 1978 reina sofia airport, 80% GDP 

ENVIRO. =

• 1954 mt. teide national park + UNESCO world heritage site 
• quifer level drop + sand dredging destroyed marine habitat 

now (losing market share so redevlopment in ECOTOURISM): 

ECONOMIC BENEFITS = 2/5 toursim jobs - 5M visitors per year 

ENVRIO. = water scarcity + overdevelopment (in-migration) 

COMMUNITY = 5% agriculture decline + 1/3 arable land is farmed 

• early stage of butlers model + sugar cane planatation closed 2005
• 2005 $100M  = 2/3 islands GDP 
• 2004 - 120,000 visitors (-ve as more tourists than residents 48,000) 

• natural tourist resoures - sun,sea,rainforest,volcanoes (protected by gov.)
• architectural resources - Georgian, Brimstone hill 
• human resources - 98% educated to secondary level + english speaking 

• tourist infrastructure improvement - airport, Basseterre harbour for ships (up to 75000 tonnes)

PROBLEMS 

• enclave tourism 
• economic leakage 
• coral reef pollution 

CURTAIN BLUFF - OLD ROAD FUND, ANTIGUA 

• 1974 - inititally just for neediest families 
• now over US$ 1M spent on uni scholarship assistance, medical relief, abroad summer camps
• 45 received full uni scholarship + 150 U.S tennis camps + >20 healthcare benefits 

SPICE ISLAND BEACH RESORT, GRENADA 

• 66 room locally owned hotel - supports GRAND ANSE roman catholic school (400 students)
• scholarships 5 students/year for purchase of books + supplies 
• funding printing of set workbooks from CTO to teach tourism 
• trained 1 teacher from primary + secodary schools to teach CTO curriculum 

ECONOMIC 

• 96c for every $1 to USA + no access to senior jobs 
• £200M/year + 6000 direct employment 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

• mangrove swamp destruction - dredging stir sediments + settle on corals 
• feautures expolited - physical beauty advertised 

SOCIAL 

• hotels fasely accuse locals + westernised music 
• CURTAIN BLUFF - 'old road fund' 

ECONOMIC 

• no benefits to areas NW of Basseterre + over dependency in SW 
• Robert C Bradshaw airport caters large aircraft - BOEING 747 + Basseterre ships 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

• 1270 --> 1905mm of rainfall/year + surface run off + only sewage system in FRIGATE BAY 
• features of island exploited - physical beauty advertised 

SOCIAL

• cruise ship passengers = conjestion + resources imported not locally sourced 
• world heritage site (BRIMSTONE HILL) + direct/indirect jobs created 

ECONOMIC 

• over dependency (2/5 tourism jobs low skills) + late stage of butlers model (TURKEY winning)
• 80 % GDP + 1978 south reina sofia airport 

ENVIRONMENTAL 

• aquifer level drop + water scarcity (2 plants) + sand dredging destroys habitats 
• protection 1954 MT TEIDE national park + UNESCO world heritage site 

SOCIAL

• 1/3 arable land is farmed (5% agri. dec.) + lang. spoken change + rural dereliction 
• ECOTOURISM developed - sustainable jobs + beach activities 

ECONOMIC 

• 2020 4th largest outbound toursim country (100M) + inc. ADS allows more FDI 

ENVIRONMENT 

• SMOG - inc. pollution due to inc. numbers 
• SANYA, HAIMAN - island aspects inc. gov. promotions + 2007 luxury tourism 

SOCIAL

• improved marketing - wall of china, skycrapers, shopping malls - 
• 16.6M (2.1% employment) in tourism industry + 2.5% inc. GDP 
• 31 UNESCO world heritage sites 

• 100km2
• injects AUS$ 210M into area
• strong cultural attraction - 2/3 rds aboriginal art + rare species of animals 

BUILDING DESIGN

• north-facing orientation - maximise shade + trap light 
• shading mechanism - reduce energy use in summer 
• insulation - smart glass 
• energy - efficient evaportive coolers - only 60w ligh bulbs 
• embedded energy - local materials sourced + only fallen timbers 

POWER, WATER + WASTE MANAGEMENT 

• solar power + biodiesel generator 
• active water catchment + grey water recycling - future use in irrigation + flushing toilets 
• biolytic composting system - worms breakdown organic waste by residents 
• recycling 

ENVRIO. ATTRACTIONS 

• diversity of flora + fauna (plant+animal life) 10% worlds plant species 
• volcanic Galapagos islands + amazon rainforest around Tena 
• Galapagos rare species - giant tortoises, blue footed boobies 

EL PBUTANO ECOFARM 1996 as tourist destination 

• 300 ha + 80 ha secondary cleared forest 
• small tourist capacity (16 guest farmhouse) + banana + fruit outputs 
• tours in woods + community projects (no exchange of gifts (westernisation)) 

COMMUNITY BENEFIT 

• Quotas allow locals % profit+1/2 money reinvested in infrastructure+local tourist purchases
• eco friendly + exclusive (low + uninvasive) + tourists educated in community projects 

NATURAL ENVIROMENT PROTECTION 

• national parks + nature reserves + no 'mass-market' + traditional methods (reduce damage)