EXPERIMENTS for EXPLANATION

Specific

• 12 %
• Kessler

Social

• 12%
• Kessler

Agoraphobia

• 5%
• Kessler

Specific

• X2 as likley with women
• Kaplan and Saddock
• except blood injection

Social

• 3:2 women
• Kessler

Agoraphobia

• Women X2
• mainly in the West
• Kessler

FAMILY STUDIES

Fyer

• interview technique
• 49 1st degree relatives
• 31% had a phobia
• but none had the two same

Fyer

• 16% 1st degree relatives
• 5% control group
• most common to have he same disorder as sibling than paren

Kendler

• 200 females twin pairs where one had a phobia
• 24% MZ
• 15% concordance rate DZ

Torgersen

• 31% 13 mz twins
• 0% DZ twins
• but none of the MZ twins shared the same phobia

ROY-BRYNE

• in adults BZ effects seem to be Short term

TAYLOR

• in children only marginally better than placebo

Tilfors

• people with a phobia have an increased blood flow in the amygdala when they experience anxiety compared to a control group

Frederickson and Furmark

• When a phobic is exposed to their feared stimuli they have a startled response and increased activity in the amygdala and hippocamal areas

Furmark

• not all people with phobias have increased blood flow in the amygdala - individual differences?

Freud

• Little hans
• boy who had fear of a horse
• close to mother and liked attention on own
• felt hostile towards dad - competition
• afraid of punishment of father - castration
• linked the mouth and its blinkers to the dads moustahce and glasses.

However

• little hans had seen a horse fall and sprall over the floor so was this the cause of his phobia?
• freud had already made theory of sexuality and was looking for evidence to support this
• researcher bias?
• dad was a follower of freuds work, and freuds evidence came from hans fathers self reports.

Bowly

• Parker found being overprotective --> development of social phobia

but

development of agroaphobia was found to correlate with having parents who had giving lack of attention

• inconclusive evidence
• many studies indivate no relationship at all between parental rearing and development of anxiety disorders

Watson and Rayner

• Little albert
• conditoned white rat to develop phobia

Munjack

• studies grouo of people with driving phobia
• 50% had had a bad experience in car
• 50% of control group who didnt have a phobia had a bad experience
• so behavioural cannot explain individual differences.

Seligman - devised theory

Garcia and Koelling

• showed that rats could be conditioned to avoid life threating things such as , shocks, and toxics,
• but could not be conditioned to avoid things which had no adverse consequences

Mineka

• found that rhesus monkeys developed a phobia when watching there parents behaving fearfully towards a snake

Mcnally

• found that 91% of snake and spider phobia the real problem was having a panick attack then being bitten.

Bandura

• asked people to watch a man [experimenter] who looked like he was recieiving

• painfull shocks when a buzzer went off

• after watching the ps showed a fear response when they heard the buzzer

• even though they had never directly experienced the shocks themselfes

Beck

• danger beleifs were activated when in close proximity to the feared stimulus
• and no danger beliefs when away from it. fear increased with closeness
• people were more preoccupised with their 'fear of fear' then the actual object/situation

Williams

• examined Becks cincept with agoraphobics to a hierarchy of increasinly scary tasks. ps were **** recorded and were mainly preoccupied with their current state of anxiety then their safety

Alden

• Social phobia have a higher need for perfectionism, and had lower perceptions of their social ability.He beleive CBT explains why some are more prone.

Holmes and Rahe and Kobasa

• explained the cumulative effect of daily hassles and minor life events to add to the problems of vulnerability factors

Kleiner and Marshal

• 84% of agoraphobics has family problems prior to there first panick attack