Ethnicity English

Brought 500 Jamaicans 1948 First wave of immigration.

Creoled began to emerge London Jamaican became a dialect.

South Asian 2nd and 3rd generation South Midlands adolescents.

Used punjabi and South Asian English to challenge white dominated social hierarchies.

98 adolescents from inner and outer London compared language with 16 elderly Londoners.

Pronoun 'youse' and plural 'dem'

New quotatative 'this is them' used

'Black British English' consisted of the local British vernacular as well as Jamaican creole.

Authenticity achieved through practices rather than ethnicity

Established a resistance identity was created by young people who wanted to go against the mainstream identity.

Sounded like Bob Marley

Made an explicit link between Multicultural London English and violence and black culture.

Studied relations between 70 black and white Afro-caribbean adolescents in South London.

Strong link between language use and ethnic identity for 2nd born generation of Caribbean descendants.

Close friendships permit sociolinguistic violation of norms.

Emergence of commonly spoken variety. Multi Ethnic Youth Dialect which is a combination of English, West Indian, West African and Bangladeshi.

Spoken by white, black and Asian communities who share a similar socio-economic background.