English Language

BILABIAL - both lips together  ( P, B, M, W)

LABIO-DENTAL - upper teeth touch lower lip  ( F, V )

DENTAL - tongue between teeth  ( TH )

ALVEOLAR - tongue on alveolar ridge  ( T, D, S, Z, N, L, R )

PALATO-ALVEOLAR - tongue between alveolar ridge and palate ( CH, J, SH, GE)

PALATAL - tongue on palate  ( Y )

VELAR - tongue on velum  ( K, G, NG )

GLOTTAL - using the glottis  ( H )

PLOSIVE - a total blockage and quick release of air (explosion) ( P, B, T, D, K, G)

FRICATIVE - restricted release of air (like friction) ( F, V, TH, S, Z, SH, GE, H)

AFFRICATIVE - air totally blocked then released slowly ( CH, JE )

NASAL - air released through the nose  ( M, N, NG )

LATERAL - air released through the sides of the mouth ( L )

APPROXIMANT - a near but not total blockage of air  ( W, R, J )

DELETION:

• Consonant deletion ( that  - tha )
• Cluster reduction  (Black - Bak )
• Truncation - dropping syllables  (Balloon - Bun )
• Dropping unstressed syllables  ( Banana - Nana )

SUBSTITUTION

• Voicing and Devoicing  ( Cartoons - Cardoons )
• Nasalisation and Denasalisation  ( Big - Mig  or  Man - Ban )

ASSIMILATION

• Consonant Harmony  ( In there - Innere )
• Reduplication  ( Picnic - Nicnic )

METATHESIS - changing order of phonemes  ( Desk - Deks )

EPENTHESIS - adding phonemes to avoid consonant clusters  ( Blue - Balu )

FUSION - fusing phonemes together to make one sound ( Can't - Ca )

ADDITION - adding extra vowel to create consonant - vowel - consonant -vowel pattern  ( Dog - Doggy )

MORPHEME - the smallest meaningful unit of a word

• OVEREXTENSION - a word given a wider sense of meaning by the child, may share characteristics with original meaning ( Ball applying to anything round )  

  • Catergorical, Analogical, Mismatch

• UNDEREXTENSION - a word restricted to a single meaning by the child  ( White applying to only snow )

• HYPERNYM - A vague word with broad meaning acting as a catergory for other words  ( Vehicle for example )

• HYPONYM - A word with meaning associated with another word  ( Scarlet is a hyponym of red which is a hyponym of colour )

• LABELLING - Linking words to the objects they refer, understanding that things can be labelled
• PACKAGING - Exploring labels and what they can apply to - over/underextension can be used to understand the range of a word's meaning
• NETWORK-BUILDING - Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites in meaning, understanding of semantic and pragmatic meaning  

Two Word Stage, Roger Brown:

• Agent  + Action, Daddy kick
• Agent  + Affected, Me ball 
• Entity  + Attribute, Kitty big 
• Action  + Affected, Throw stick 
• Action  + Location, Sit chair
• Entity  + Location, Spoon table
• Possessor  + Possession, Daddy coat
• Nomination, That cake
• Recurrence, More ball
• Negation, No ball

Telegraphic Stage

• more explicit meaning and combinations of three or more words
• Children tend to miss out functional words: determiners, prepositions, conjunctions
• Grammar: syntax and morphology
  • order words into clauses and phrases
  • make different types of sentences for different functions that don't require different word orders (so not interrogatives or imperatives)
  • Add inflections to create tense, distinctions, possession and plurals
  • Experimenting with affixation to convert function and class
• Verb inflections and auxillary verbs are omitted
• Become more "correct" as child moves into the post-telegraphic stage

Features of Child Directed Speech

• Shorter utterances
• repitition
• simple interroagtives,
• compliments,
• lots of games and play for understanding of turn taking and pragmatics,
• fewer verbs or modifiers
• EXPANSION - develpoment of a child's utterance into a longer and more meaningful form
• RECAST- commenting on, extending and rephrasing a child's utterance
• BABY TALK - imitating elements of child speech ( reduplication, substitution etc. )

Halliday's functions of speech

• INSTRUMENTAL - fulfil a need
• REGULATORY - influence the behaviour of others
• INTERACTIONAL - develop and maintain social relationship
• PERSONAL - convey individual opinions, ideas and identity
• REPRESENTATIONAL - convey facts and information
• IMAGINITIVE - create an imaginary world, may be predominantly in play
• HEURISTIC - learn about environment

• NATIVISTS ( Noam Chomsky, Eric Lenneburg ) - Humans have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language
• BEHAVIOURISTS ( B. F. Skinner ) - Language is acquired through imitation and reinforcement
• SOCIAL INTERACTIONISTS ( Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky ) - child language is developed through interaction with adults and More Knowledgable Other
• COGNITIVE (Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget ) - language acquisition is part of a wider development of understanding