English Language
Terminology for English Language, Child Language Acquisition and Language Change
- Created by: Dan Woodfield
- Created on: 02-12-10 14:41
Phonological movements of the mouth (phonemes)
BILABIAL - both lips together ( P, B, M, W)
LABIO-DENTAL - upper teeth touch lower lip ( F, V )
DENTAL - tongue between teeth ( TH )
ALVEOLAR - tongue on alveolar ridge ( T, D, S, Z, N, L, R )
PALATO-ALVEOLAR - tongue between alveolar ridge and palate ( CH, J, SH, GE)
PALATAL - tongue on palate ( Y )
VELAR - tongue on velum ( K, G, NG )
GLOTTAL - using the glottis ( H )
Phoneme types
PLOSIVE - a total blockage and quick release of air (explosion) ( P, B, T, D, K, G)
FRICATIVE - restricted release of air (like friction) ( F, V, TH, S, Z, SH, GE, H)
AFFRICATIVE - air totally blocked then released slowly ( CH, JE )
NASAL - air released through the nose ( M, N, NG )
LATERAL - air released through the sides of the mouth ( L )
APPROXIMANT - a near but not total blockage of air ( W, R, J )
Phonological Development
DELETION:
- Consonant deletion ( that - tha )
- Cluster reduction (Black - Bak )
- Truncation - dropping syllables (Balloon - Bun )
- Dropping unstressed syllables ( Banana - Nana )
SUBSTITUTION
- Voicing and Devoicing ( Cartoons - Cardoons )
- Nasalisation and Denasalisation ( Big - Mig or Man - Ban )
ASSIMILATION
- Consonant Harmony ( In there - Innere )
- Reduplication ( Picnic - Nicnic )
METATHESIS - changing order of phonemes ( Desk - Deks )
Phonological Development
EPENTHESIS - adding phonemes to avoid consonant clusters ( Blue - Balu )
FUSION - fusing phonemes together to make one sound ( Can't - Ca )
ADDITION - adding extra vowel to create consonant - vowel - consonant -vowel pattern ( Dog - Doggy )
MORPHEME - the smallest meaningful unit of a word
Forms of experimentation and virtuous errors
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OVEREXTENSION - a word given a wider sense of meaning by the child, may share characteristics with original meaning ( Ball applying to anything round )
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Catergorical, Analogical, Mismatch
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UNDEREXTENSION - a word restricted to a single meaning by the child ( White applying to only snow )
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HYPERNYM - A vague word with broad meaning acting as a catergory for other words ( Vehicle for example )
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HYPONYM - A word with meaning associated with another word ( Scarlet is a hyponym of red which is a hyponym of colour )
Jane Atkinson - stages of child linguistic develop
- LABELLING - Linking words to the objects they refer, understanding that things can be labelled
- PACKAGING - Exploring labels and what they can apply to - over/underextension can be used to understand the range of a word's meaning
- NETWORK-BUILDING - Making connections between words, understanding similarities and opposites in meaning, understanding of semantic and pragmatic meaning
Stages of Development
Two Word Stage, Roger Brown:
- Agent + Action, Daddy kick
- Agent + Affected, Me ball
- Entity + Attribute, Kitty big
- Action + Affected, Throw stick
- Action + Location, Sit chair
- Entity + Location, Spoon table
- Possessor + Possession, Daddy coat
- Nomination, That cake
- Recurrence, More ball
- Negation, No ball
Stages of Development
Telegraphic Stage
- more explicit meaning and combinations of three or more words
- Children tend to miss out functional words: determiners, prepositions, conjunctions
- Grammar: syntax and morphology
- order words into clauses and phrases
- make different types of sentences for different functions that don't require different word orders (so not interrogatives or imperatives)
- Add inflections to create tense, distinctions, possession and plurals
- Experimenting with affixation to convert function and class
- Verb inflections and auxillary verbs are omitted
- Become more "correct" as child moves into the post-telegraphic stage
Child Directed Speech
Features of Child Directed Speech
- Shorter utterances
- repitition
- simple interroagtives,
- compliments,
- lots of games and play for understanding of turn taking and pragmatics,
- fewer verbs or modifiers
- EXPANSION - develpoment of a child's utterance into a longer and more meaningful form
- RECAST- commenting on, extending and rephrasing a child's utterance
- BABY TALK - imitating elements of child speech ( reduplication, substitution etc. )
Functions of Speech
Halliday's functions of speech
- INSTRUMENTAL - fulfil a need
- REGULATORY - influence the behaviour of others
- INTERACTIONAL - develop and maintain social relationship
- PERSONAL - convey individual opinions, ideas and identity
- REPRESENTATIONAL - convey facts and information
- IMAGINITIVE - create an imaginary world, may be predominantly in play
- HEURISTIC - learn about environment
Language Theories
- NATIVISTS ( Noam Chomsky, Eric Lenneburg ) - Humans have an inbuilt capacity to acquire language
- BEHAVIOURISTS ( B. F. Skinner ) - Language is acquired through imitation and reinforcement
- SOCIAL INTERACTIONISTS ( Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky ) - child language is developed through interaction with adults and More Knowledgable Other
- COGNITIVE (Lev Vygotsky, Jean Piaget ) - language acquisition is part of a wider development of understanding
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