English Language: Dialect

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Trudgill

Norwich Study

  • Hypercorrection
  • Alveolar /n/ (runnin) is common in working-class
  • Velar Nasal /nj/ (running) is common in middle-class
  • Class > Gender
  • LMC/HWC are more suseptible to hypercorrection

Dialect Levelling

  • The means by which dialect differences decrease
  • Lateral Mobility
  • Vertical Mobility
  • Women
  • Natural Factors
  • New forms approached positively
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Labov

NYC Department Store(s)

  • More prestigious stores used post-vocalic /r/ more often
  • /r/ is emphasised

Martha's Vineyard

  • Local prestige
  • Divergence
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Milroy

Belfast Study

  • 20% younger women used rounded vowels
  • 61% younger men used rounded vowels
  • More older women used rounded vowels than older men
  • Men skipped the 'th' in 'mother' 
  • Closed Networks = High density/multiplicity = Vernacular forms
  • e.g. Clonnard girls
  • More men used vernacular forms 
  • Networks were 'ranked': 1 (open) to 5 (closed)
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Kerswill

Koine Language

  • A + B = A + B + C
  • New dialect is created between two dialects (that are in the same language)
  • Original dialects remain the same

Milton Keynes/Reading/Hull

  • In the South, there are more opportunities for employment/economic growth
  • Better opportunities = Standard English/dialect
  • In the north, this is the opposite
  • Children/younger speakers form a slightly different dialect to their parents, in order to 'fit in'
  • In Milton Keynes, there was little levelling, as most people came from a low-income background & interracted with people of their own class
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