Endocrine Diseases 0.0 / 5 ? BiologyClinical BiomedicineUniversityNone Created by: ellenrobinsonCreated on: 19-05-19 11:39 Diabetes Mellitus 10% Type 1 - weight loss, tiredness 90% Type 2 - similar symptoms caused by obesity Diagnosed by GREY-TOPPED containing fluoride (inhibits the metabolism of glucose) and EDTA for blood testing. Glucose tolerance test: Body overcompensates for glucose so try and digest it over 2 hours. 1 of 10 Insulin Excess Normally caused by a benign tumour. Diagnosis by prolonged fasting, measuring proinsulin, insulin and C-peptide when hypoglycaemic. Treatment surgery diazoxide 2 of 10 Primary Hypothyroidism Everything is slowed down: T4 and T3 is decreased TSH is increases Symptoms: constipation tiredness weight gain 3 of 10 Primary Hyperthyroidism Everything is sped up: T4 and T3 will increase TSH is decreased Symptoms: Diarrhoea Weight loss Thining skin 4 of 10 Adrenal Cortex Functions Hormones secreted from the adrenal. Cortisol is secreted by the adrenal glands as the end-product of the conversion of cholesterol. Roles of cortisol: maintaining blood volume maintaining blood pressure stimulates gluconeogenesis stimulates protein and fat breakdown 5 of 10 Addison's Disease Due to a lack of cortisol, due to the failure of the adrenal glands. Easily treated with steroid replacement. Clinical features: lethargy dehydration ACTH contains the same amino acid sequences leads to pigmentation decrease in hands and feet Diagnosis measures cortisol and serum electrolytes short synacthen test - a synthetic analogue of ACTH. 6 of 10 Crushing''s Syndrome Caused by excess cortisol, linked with hypertension, obesity and thinning skin. Diagnosis: confirm cortisol increases dexamethasone suppression test Causes of Crushings: increased cortisol & -ve feedback on pituitary -> low ACTH = adrenal increase cortisol & no -ve feedback on pituitary -> increased ACTH = eptopic or pituitary Pituitary causes, cortisol will be partially suppressed ectopic ACTH cortisol will not be suppressed CT/MRI scans are also useful to find tumours 7 of 10 Growth Hormone Excess Children - gigantism Adults - acromegaly Clinical features: coarse facial features increase the size of hands and feet. sweating Diagnosis: secretion is episodic oral glucose suppression test IGF-1 is increased and used in monitor treatment 8 of 10 Growth Hormone Deficiency A rare cause of short stature in children. Increased GH during exercise. Diagnosis: Glucagon stimulation test Glucagon stimulates the production of GH Treatment with synthetic GH 9 of 10 Hyperprolactinaemia High serum prolactin is common. Stress, psychoactive drugs all increase prolactin. Diagnosis: MRI Clinical signs: men - visual field abnormalities women - menstrual problems Treatment: Drugs Surgery of pituitary 10 of 10
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