Emotional develpment

• Infants have an inbuilt need to form attachments. The quality of this attachment may affect emotional development for the rest of their life.
• Initially, an infant will form only one primary attachment which will act as a secure base for exploring the rest of the world. Will also act as a prototype for all future social relationships.
• Bowlby argued that maternal deprivation can seriously disrupt health emotional and social development. 
• if an attachment has not developed during infancy then the child will suffer from irreversible developmental consequences such as reduced intelligence and aggression and future relationships.
• Bowlby observed that children experience separation anxiety if away from their mothers and it didn't improve when given attention form other carers.
• affectionless psychopathy - caused by separation experiences in early childhood and is the inability for deep meaningful relationships and empathy.

• Schaffer and Emerson (1965) - question the importance of the mother bond in infancy as by 8 months infants have formed attachments with others showing it does not need to be the mother to be the attachment figure.
• How can Bowbly measure attachment in infancy to emotional development in later life?
• Bowlby ignores the quality of the attachment as the most important factor and not a deprivation of the mother bond in infancy.

• Asocial stage - Birth to 3 months - babies will produce a favourable reaction to any type of stimuli both social and anti-social. Most will behave indiscriminately to any caregiver.
• Indiscriminate attachment - 3 to 7 months - will be ab,e to distinguish the difference between the main caregiver and other people. they will accept care from other people.
• Specific attachment - 7 to 9 months - the infant will look to particular people for protection and comfort. they will shoe fear to strangers and unhappiness when separated by main caregiver. 
• Multiple attachments - 9 months + - The baby starts to become more independent and forms several attachments.

Secure 

• Parenting style - In tune with the child and their emotions.
• Infantsbehavoiur - shows distress when the caregiver leaves, greets them when they return, seeks comfort from a caregiver when upset and happy with a stranger when the caregiver is present.

insecure/avoidant

• parenting style - unavailable to child/ rejects them.
• infants behaviour - doesn't show distress when the caregiver leaves and continues to explore the environment, may go to the stranger for comfort.

insecure/resistant

• parenting style - inconsistent in meeting the child's needs
• infants behavoir- shows distress when the primary caregiver leaves but resists contact on their return, shows anxiety and insecurity.

• External traumatic events eg. divorce 
• caregivers may have problems with drugs or alcohol
• babies who are born prematurely may find it hard to bond initially because they are unable to be with them while they are in intensive care.
• babies who were given up for foster care/ adoption 
• Women who suffer from post-natal depression 

Understanding self and others - early childhood - children use imagination to begin to understand the social roles. begin to imagine me or idea of self. Relationships with family members may influence whether a child feels valued or has a sense of self-worth.

Development of self-esteem - 0-18 months -during infancy babies will build self-esteem by having their basic needs met - 18 months-2 years - having got a clear understanding of what it means but so start to realise what they can achieve with new skils. 

How individuals view themselves and influenced by how others perceive them.

What may create low self-esteem in a child

• education - struggling in school
• family and culture
• attitudes of others - friends/siblings who undermine a child's self-worth 
• insecure attachment
• life experiences eg. early trama 
• sexual orientation confusion 

self-concept - the combination of self-image and self-esteem 

self-esteem - how individuals value and feel about themselves 

children with low self-esteem can become passive, withdrawn and depressed and self-critical

• Puberty- physical changes and fluctuating hormones causing mood swings and poor body image
• peer pressure - in this stage the need to fit in is very high so if not can lead to poor self-esteem 
• not learning from mistakes or taking responsibility for them 
• poor educational achievement - unrealistic pressure to achieve or constantly being academically compared to their peers.
• Deviant behaviour - behavioural problems that often stems from low-self esteem can lead to destructive behaviours like smoking, alcohol and drugs.
• Status and social roles - and not believing you live up to the expected behaviour of that role

• career -> job position or losing your job
• changes in the body after pregnancy 
• menopause 
• perimenopause
• infertile 
• ageing-> lose mobility, way you look eg. loss of skin elasticity  

positive self-image

• feels happy about the personal appearance 
• receives good feedback from others 
• compares self-favourably with others

Positive self-esteem

• feels confident 
• willing to try new things 
• copes well under pressure 

negative self-image 

• feels unattractive or less intelligent compared to others
• receives negative comments from others about appearance or abilities.
• compares self negatively against 'perfect' media image

Low self-esteem

• feels worthless -> may not have energy, confidence etc
• less likely to try new things
• less likely to cope well in new or difficult situations